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B12 > Photosynthesis (5.1) > Flashcards

Photosynthesis (5.1) Flashcards

1
Q

State what all living organisms require

A

Constant supply of energy

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2
Q

State what photosynthesis begins with

A

Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

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3
Q

State the word overall inputs of photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water

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4
Q

State the word overall outputs of photosynthesis

A

glucose + water + oxygen

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5
Q

Provide the balanced equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

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6
Q

State what a series of biochemical reactions is referred to as

A

Metabolic pathway

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7
Q

Provide 3 possible uses of glucose formed in photosynthesis

A
  1. immediate energy source
  2. storage as starch
  3. chemical starting point for the synthesis of complex compounds
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8
Q

State what the oxygen formed in photosynthesis may be used for

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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9
Q

State the types of membranes present within the eukaryotic chloroplast

A
  • outer membrane

- inner membrane

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10
Q

State in what part of a cell photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic autotrophs

A

Chloroplasts

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11
Q

State what the outer and inner membranes of chloroplast regulate

A

Movement of materials into and out of the organelle

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12
Q

Provide 1 example of a photosynthetic prokaryotes

A

Cyanobacteria

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13
Q

Describe endosymbiosis and its’ relationship to chloroplasts

A

Proposes that chloroplasts are the descendants of cyanobacteria and were engulfed by eukaryotic cells two billion years ago (lived symbiotically)

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14
Q

State the first stage of photosynthesis

A

Light-dependent phase

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15
Q

State where light-dependent photosynthetic reactions occur

A

Thylakoid membrane of the granum within the chloroplast

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16
Q

State whether or not the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions require light

A

Reactions can only take place in the presence of light

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17
Q

State where the outputs of the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions end up

A

Released in the stroma of the chloroplast

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18
Q

State the second stage of photosynthesis

A

Light-independent phase

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19
Q

State how the coenzymes produced in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis are involved in the light-independent stage

A

Provide energy required to drive biochemical pathway

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20
Q

State whether or not the second stage of photosynthesis requires light

A

Reactions can take place in the absence of light

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21
Q

State what is required in the second stage of photosynthesis

A

NADPH and ATP of the light-dependent reactions

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22
Q

State what is reduced to GAP in the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon dioxide

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23
Q

State what carbon dioxide is reduced to form in the Calvin cycle

A

GAP

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24
Q

State what happens once the GAP molecules are formed in the Calvin cycle

A

Leave chloroplast and move into cell cytosol

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25
Q

State what occurs when two GAP molecules join together

A

One glucose unit

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26
Q

State 2 phases of photosynthesis

A
  1. light-dependent

2. light-independent

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27
Q

Describe photosynthesis

A

The process in which nutrients are produced from carbon dioxide and water using light energy

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28
Q

Describe chlorophyll and outline its’ location within a cell

A

Green pigment found within the thylakoid membrane

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29
Q

Describe autotrophs

A

Living organism capable of synthesising all of its own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

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30
Q

Describe heterotrophs

A

Living organism incapable of synthesising its own food (sources nutritional requirements from organic substances)

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31
Q

Provide 3 evidence-based statements supporting the bacterial origins of chloroplast

A
  1. Chloroplasts divide by binary fission like bacteria
  2. Both bacteria and chloroplasts have a set of single circular DNA
  3. Chloroplast ribosomes are more similar to bacterial ribosomes than cytoplasmic ribosomes
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32
Q

Describe the reaction of the light-dependent stage

A

Hydrolysis

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33
Q

Describe the reaction of the light-independent stage

A

Calvin cycle

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34
Q

State the enzyme involved in the catalysis of photosynthesis

A

Rubisco

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35
Q

Describe absorption spectrum

A

Set of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment

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36
Q

State the 5 types of chlorophylls

A
  • chlorophylls a, b, c, d

- bacteriochlorophyll (prokaryotes)

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37
Q

Describe carotenoids

A

Any of the pigment molecules, typically yellow, red, and orange, that interact with chlorophylls inside chloroplasts when they absorb light for photosynthesis

38
Q

Describe the importance of carotenoids for plants undergoing photosynthesis

A

Absorb excess energy, which may cause photodamage in plants cell/organelles, dissipating it as heat.

39
Q

State the inputs of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

A

Water, NADP+ and ADP+Pi

40
Q

State the outputs of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

A

NADPH, ATP, O2 (oxygen gas)

41
Q

State the inputs of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

A

NADPH, CO2 and ATP

42
Q

State the outputs of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

A

Glucose, Water, ADP + Pi and NADP+

43
Q

Describe the role of the the enzyme RuBisCO in photosynthesis

A

Catalyse the first step of the Calvin cycle

44
Q

State why the enzyme RuBisCO contributes to almost half of the protein content within chloroplasts

A

High concentration required to compensate for inefficiency

45
Q

State what happens to unused GAP molecules of the Calvin cycle

A

Recycled into ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate (RuBisCO)

46
Q

State what ribulose 1, 5 biphosphate is

A

Starting molecules of the light-independent reaction

47
Q

Describe accessory pigments

A

Pigments that absorb wavelengths of light reflected by chlorophyll a

48
Q

Describe the action spectrum

A

Measure of effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in fuelling photosynthesis

49
Q

State where light-independent photosynthetic reactions occur

A

Stroma of the chloroplast

50
Q

In the light dependent stage of photosynthesis, water is reduced to _______

A

Oxygen gas

51
Q

In the light independent stage of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to ____________

A

Glucose

52
Q

Provide the name of the enzyme involved in the catalysis of photosynthesis

A

RuBisCO

53
Q

State whether ATP is loaded or unloaded

A

Loaded

54
Q

State whether ADP is loaded or unloaded

can be represented as ADP+Pi

A

Unloaded

55
Q

State whether NADH is loaded or unloaded

A

Loaded

56
Q

State whether NAD+ is loaded or unloaded

A

Unloaded

57
Q

State whether NADPH is loaded or unloaded

A

Loaded

58
Q

State whether NADP+ is loaded or unloaded

A

Unloaded

59
Q

State whether FADH2 is loaded or unloaded

A

Loaded

60
Q

State whether FAD is loaded or unloaded

A

Unloaded

61
Q

Describe the energy content of molecules as photosynthetic reactions progress

A

Energy content will increase and plateau

62
Q

Describe what stage of photosynthesis carbon fixation occurs

A

Second stage of photosynthesis (light-independent reaction)

63
Q

Provide an alternative name for the RuBisCO enzyme

A

Ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate

64
Q

Propose a possible reason behind the name C3 plants

A

So named because they rely on the C3 carbon fixation pathway to convert CO2 into an organic compound

65
Q

Compare and contrast C3, C4 and CAM plants

A

C3 have minimal adaptations to combat photorespiration, C4 have some and CAM plants have many (e.g. cacti)

66
Q

Describe photorespiration

A

Wasteful pathway that occurs when RuBisCO acts upon oxygen rather than carbon dioxide

67
Q

Describe the individual chemical inputs of the light dependent reaction

A

H2O, ADP+Pi, NADP+

68
Q

Describe the individual chemical outputs of the light dependent reaction

A

O2, ATP, NADPH

69
Q

Describe the individual chemical inputs of the light independent reaction

A

ATP, NADPH, CO2

70
Q

Describe the individual chemical outputs of the light independent reaction

A

C6H12O6, H2O, ADP+Pi, NADP+

71
Q

State in which cells chloroplasts are found

A

Plants cells that are directly exposed to sunlight

72
Q

Describe the stroma of the chloroplast

A

Fluid filled inner space of chloroplast

73
Q

State the 3 major structure held within the chloroplastal stroma

A
  1. cpDNA
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Granum
74
Q

Describe the thylakoids of the chloroplasts

A

Membrane-bound compartment within the stroma

75
Q

State in which part of the chloroplast photosynthetic pigments can be found

A

Thyalkoid membrane

76
Q

Describe the granum of the chloroplast

A

Stack of thyalkoids

77
Q

State what connects groups of granum within chloroplasts

A

Stromal thylakoids/lamellae

78
Q

State what the space within thyalkoids of chloroplasts is referred to as

A

Lumen

79
Q

State what types of granules are found within chloroplasts

A

Starch

80
Q

Describe the function of the RuBisCO and state in what stage of photosynthesis it becomes involved

A

Incorporates CO2 into an organic molecule in the first stage of the Calvin cycle

81
Q

Describe in what organisms chlorophyll a is found

A

All photosynthetic organisms

82
Q

Describe in what organisms chlorophyll b is found

A

Some plants

83
Q

Describe in what organisms chlorophyll c is found

A

Algae

84
Q

Describe in what organisms chlorophyll d and f are found

A

Cyanobacteria

85
Q

Describe the role of NADP in photosynthesis

A

Used to carry H+ ions from the grana to the stroma where the Calvin cycle takes place

86
Q

List the different sorts of organic compounds the heterotrophs require. State the form each compounds is in when moved into or out of cells.

A

Proteins - amino acids
Carbohydrates - glucose
Fats - fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic acids - nucleotides

87
Q

State what determines the absorption spectras of chlorophyll

A

Different molecular shapes

88
Q

Describe carotenoids

A

Pigments of red, orange and yellow colour which are involved in the capturing of light

89
Q

State whether or not carotenoids are accessory pigments

A

Carotenoids are accessory pigments

90
Q

State the importance of accessory pigments for photosynthetic cells

A

Broaden the range of wavelengths absorbed

91
Q

Provide an alternative name for the Calvin cycle

A

Calvin-Benson cycle

92
Q

State what the normal substrates of Rubisco are

A

Ribulose diphosphate and CO2

B12 (41 decks)

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