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Photosynthesis (5.1) Flashcards

1
Q

State what all living organisms require

A

Constant supply of energy

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2
Q

State what photosynthesis begins with

A

Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

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3
Q

State the word overall inputs of photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water

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4
Q

State the word overall outputs of photosynthesis

A

glucose + water + oxygen

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5
Q

Provide the balanced equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

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6
Q

State what a series of biochemical reactions is referred to as

A

Metabolic pathway

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7
Q

Provide 3 possible uses of glucose formed in photosynthesis

A
  1. immediate energy source
  2. storage as starch
  3. chemical starting point for the synthesis of complex compounds
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8
Q

State what the oxygen formed in photosynthesis may be used for

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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9
Q

State the types of membranes present within the eukaryotic chloroplast

A
  • outer membrane

- inner membrane

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10
Q

State in what part of a cell photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic autotrophs

A

Chloroplasts

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11
Q

State what the outer and inner membranes of chloroplast regulate

A

Movement of materials into and out of the organelle

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12
Q

Provide 1 example of a photosynthetic prokaryotes

A

Cyanobacteria

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13
Q

Describe endosymbiosis and its’ relationship to chloroplasts

A

Proposes that chloroplasts are the descendants of cyanobacteria and were engulfed by eukaryotic cells two billion years ago (lived symbiotically)

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14
Q

State the first stage of photosynthesis

A

Light-dependent phase

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15
Q

State where light-dependent photosynthetic reactions occur

A

Thylakoid membrane of the granum within the chloroplast

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16
Q

State whether or not the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions require light

A

Reactions can only take place in the presence of light

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17
Q

State where the outputs of the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions end up

A

Released in the stroma of the chloroplast

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18
Q

State the second stage of photosynthesis

A

Light-independent phase

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19
Q

State how the coenzymes produced in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis are involved in the light-independent stage

A

Provide energy required to drive biochemical pathway

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20
Q

State whether or not the second stage of photosynthesis requires light

A

Reactions can take place in the absence of light

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21
Q

State what is required in the second stage of photosynthesis

A

NADPH and ATP of the light-dependent reactions

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22
Q

State what is reduced to GAP in the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon dioxide

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23
Q

State what carbon dioxide is reduced to form in the Calvin cycle

A

GAP

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24
Q

State what happens once the GAP molecules are formed in the Calvin cycle

A

Leave chloroplast and move into cell cytosol

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25
State what occurs when two GAP molecules join together
One glucose unit
26
State 2 phases of photosynthesis
1. light-dependent | 2. light-independent
27
Describe photosynthesis
The process in which nutrients are produced from carbon dioxide and water using light energy
28
Describe chlorophyll and outline its' location within a cell
Green pigment found within the thylakoid membrane
29
Describe autotrophs
Living organism capable of synthesising all of its own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
30
Describe heterotrophs
Living organism incapable of synthesising its own food (sources nutritional requirements from organic substances)
31
Provide 3 evidence-based statements supporting the bacterial origins of chloroplast
1. Chloroplasts divide by binary fission like bacteria 2. Both bacteria and chloroplasts have a set of single circular DNA 3. Chloroplast ribosomes are more similar to bacterial ribosomes than cytoplasmic ribosomes
32
Describe the reaction of the light-dependent stage
Hydrolysis
33
Describe the reaction of the light-independent stage
Calvin cycle
34
State the enzyme involved in the catalysis of photosynthesis
Rubisco
35
Describe absorption spectrum
Set of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment
36
State the 5 types of chlorophylls
- chlorophylls a, b, c, d | - bacteriochlorophyll (prokaryotes)
37
Describe carotenoids
Any of the pigment molecules, typically yellow, red, and orange, that interact with chlorophylls inside chloroplasts when they absorb light for photosynthesis
38
Describe the importance of carotenoids for plants undergoing photosynthesis
Absorb excess energy, which may cause photodamage in plants cell/organelles, dissipating it as heat.
39
State the inputs of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
Water, NADP+ and ADP+Pi
40
State the outputs of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
NADPH, ATP, O2 (oxygen gas)
41
State the inputs of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis
NADPH, CO2 and ATP
42
State the outputs of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis
Glucose, Water, ADP + Pi and NADP+
43
Describe the role of the the enzyme RuBisCO in photosynthesis
Catalyse the first step of the Calvin cycle
44
State why the enzyme RuBisCO contributes to almost half of the protein content within chloroplasts
High concentration required to compensate for inefficiency
45
State what happens to unused GAP molecules of the Calvin cycle
Recycled into ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate (RuBisCO)
46
State what ribulose 1, 5 biphosphate is
Starting molecules of the light-independent reaction
47
Describe accessory pigments
Pigments that absorb wavelengths of light reflected by chlorophyll a
48
Describe the action spectrum
Measure of effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in fuelling photosynthesis
49
State where light-independent photosynthetic reactions occur
Stroma of the chloroplast
50
In the light dependent stage of photosynthesis, water is reduced to _______
Oxygen gas
51
In the light independent stage of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to ____________
Glucose
52
Provide the name of the enzyme involved in the catalysis of photosynthesis
RuBisCO
53
State whether ATP is loaded or unloaded
Loaded
54
State whether ADP is loaded or unloaded | can be represented as ADP+Pi
Unloaded
55
State whether NADH is loaded or unloaded
Loaded
56
State whether NAD+ is loaded or unloaded
Unloaded
57
State whether NADPH is loaded or unloaded
Loaded
58
State whether NADP+ is loaded or unloaded
Unloaded
59
State whether FADH2 is loaded or unloaded
Loaded
60
State whether FAD is loaded or unloaded
Unloaded
61
Describe the energy content of molecules as photosynthetic reactions progress
Energy content will increase and plateau
62
Describe what stage of photosynthesis carbon fixation occurs
Second stage of photosynthesis (light-independent reaction)
63
Provide an alternative name for the RuBisCO enzyme
Ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate
64
Propose a possible reason behind the name C3 plants
So named because they rely on the C3 carbon fixation pathway to convert CO2 into an organic compound
65
Compare and contrast C3, C4 and CAM plants
C3 have minimal adaptations to combat photorespiration, C4 have some and CAM plants have many (e.g. cacti)
66
Describe photorespiration
Wasteful pathway that occurs when RuBisCO acts upon oxygen rather than carbon dioxide
67
Describe the individual chemical inputs of the light dependent reaction
H2O, ADP+Pi, NADP+
68
Describe the individual chemical outputs of the light dependent reaction
O2, ATP, NADPH
69
Describe the individual chemical inputs of the light independent reaction
ATP, NADPH, CO2
70
Describe the individual chemical outputs of the light independent reaction
C6H12O6, H2O, ADP+Pi, NADP+
71
State in which cells chloroplasts are found
Plants cells that are directly exposed to sunlight
72
Describe the stroma of the chloroplast
Fluid filled inner space of chloroplast
73
State the 3 major structure held within the chloroplastal stroma
1. cpDNA 2. Ribosomes 3. Granum
74
Describe the thylakoids of the chloroplasts
Membrane-bound compartment within the stroma
75
State in which part of the chloroplast photosynthetic pigments can be found
Thyalkoid membrane
76
Describe the granum of the chloroplast
Stack of thyalkoids
77
State what connects groups of granum within chloroplasts
Stromal thylakoids/lamellae
78
State what the space within thyalkoids of chloroplasts is referred to as
Lumen
79
State what types of granules are found within chloroplasts
Starch
80
Describe the function of the RuBisCO and state in what stage of photosynthesis it becomes involved
Incorporates CO2 into an organic molecule in the first stage of the Calvin cycle
81
Describe in what organisms chlorophyll a is found
All photosynthetic organisms
82
Describe in what organisms chlorophyll b is found
Some plants
83
Describe in what organisms chlorophyll c is found
Algae
84
Describe in what organisms chlorophyll d and f are found
Cyanobacteria
85
Describe the role of NADP in photosynthesis
Used to carry H+ ions from the grana to the stroma where the Calvin cycle takes place
86
List the different sorts of organic compounds the heterotrophs require. State the form each compounds is in when moved into or out of cells.
Proteins - amino acids Carbohydrates - glucose Fats - fatty acids and glycerol Nucleic acids - nucleotides
87
State what determines the absorption spectras of chlorophyll
Different molecular shapes
88
Describe carotenoids
Pigments of red, orange and yellow colour which are involved in the capturing of light
89
State whether or not carotenoids are accessory pigments
Carotenoids are accessory pigments
90
State the importance of accessory pigments for photosynthetic cells
Broaden the range of wavelengths absorbed
91
Provide an alternative name for the Calvin cycle
Calvin-Benson cycle
92
State what the normal substrates of Rubisco are
Ribulose diphosphate and CO2

B12 (41 decks)

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