Immunity (8.1) Flashcards
State the 2 classifications of immunity
- passive
2. active
Describe passive immunity
Protection provided to an individual by the transfer of antibodies produced by another organism
Describe active immunity
Protection provided by an individual’s own adaptive immune response
Describe the time it takes to develop active immunity
Weeks
Describe the time it takes to develop passive immunity
Immediate
State whether or not active immunity can provide immunological memory that can last for a lifetime
Yes
State whether or not passive immunity can provide immunological memory that can last for a liftime
No. Passive immunity last for a limited time
State whether or not passive immunity involves immunological memory
No
State whether or not active immunity involves immunological memory
Yes
State where the adaptive immune response producing antibodies occurs for active immunity
In individual
State where the adaptive immune response for the antibody occurs for passive immunity
In another organism
State how immunity can be maintained for active immunity
Stimulating memory cells i.e. with booster vaccinations
State how immunity can be maintained for passive immunity
Immunity cannot be maintained
Describe natural passive immunity
Involves the passive transfer of antibodies from mother to foetus through the placenta prior to birth and through breastfeeding
State for how long maternal antibodies provide protection for the infant
Week to months
Describe active passive immunity
Involves an individual receiving antibodies produced by another organism
State how active passive immunity is often administered
Injection of antiserum
Describe antiserum
A serum that contains specific antibodies
Describe serum
Fluid portion of blood that remains after blood cells and material involved in blood clotting has been removed
State how antibodies introduced via artificial passive immunity inhibit pathogenic damage
Introduced antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogen to form an antigen-antibody complex
State whether or not artificial passive immunity is a useful means of treating infection by a pathogen
Yes
State whether or not natural passive immunity is a useful means of treating infection by a pathogen
No
State whether or not artificial passive immunity is a useful means of treating a venomous bite/sting
Yes
State whether or not natural passive immunity is a useful means of treating a venomous bite/sting
No
Describe haemolytic disease
A condition in which red blood cells are abnormally broken down and removed from circulation
Describe natural active immunity
Immunity that develops from the adaptive immune response to a natural infection
State whether or not immunological memory results from a natural active immune response
Yes
Describe artificial active immunity
Immunity that results from the administration of antigens to induce an adaptive immune response
State what the artificial technique of inducing an adaptive immune response to produce active immunity is referred to as
Vaccination
Describe vaccination
Technique of artificially inducing an adaptive immune response by administering a vaccine
State what form the antigens are in a vaccine
Inactivated
State whether the primary or secondary response in natural active immunity is stronger
Secondary
State what can be induced by the administration of a vaccine
Artificial active immunity
State whether or not vaccines must be highly specific to initiate an adaptive immune resposnse
Yes.
State what allows immunological memory to be retained post vaccination
Vaccine specificity
State the 3 types of possible vaccinations
- live attenuated
- inactivated
- subunit
Describe live attenuated vaccines
Involve a living microbe that has been weakened in the lab
State the common process used to weaken living microbes used in vaccines
Repeated culturing
State what the advantages of live attenuated vaccines are
- long lasting immunity
- strong adaptive immune response produces many types of antibodies
State what the disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines are
- may cause disease in those with weakened immune systems
- may cross placenta and cause damage to developing foetus
State whether live attenuated vaccines are more common for viruses or bacteria
Viruses
State why live attenuated vaccines are more common for viruses
Bacteria have thousands of genes and are consequently difficult to control
Provide 2 examples of attenuated vaccines
Those against:
- measles
- mumps
- rubella
- polio
Describe inactivated vaccines
Involve microbes that have been inactivated
Provide an alternative term to describe inactivated vaccines
Killed vaccines
State 3 ways microbes can be inactivated for use in inactivated vaccines
- heat
- radiation
- chemicals
State what the advantages of inactivated vaccines are
- production of many different antibodies
- safely used in people with weak immune systems
State what the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines are
- stimulate relatively weak immune response
- booster vaccines required to maintain long-term immunity
State what can be added to inactivated vaccines to boost the immune response
Adjuvants
State whether inactivated vaccines are more common for viruses or bacteria
Bacteria
Provide 2 examples of inactivated vaccines
Those against:
- rabies
- hepatitis A
Describe adjuvants
Substances that stimulate a stronger immune response against an antigen
Provide 2 examples of adjuvants
- aluminium phosphate
2. aluminium hydroxide
Describe subunit vaccines
Involve parts of inactivated microbes
State for what ability parts of inactivated microbes are chosen in the composition of subunit vaccines
Ability to induce adaptive immune response
State the 3 variations in antigen structures that subunit vaccines can include
- fragment of antigen
- single antigen
- multiple antigens
State 3 types of antigens that subunit vaccines can include
- proteins
- detoxified toxins
- polysaccharides
State whether or not subunit vaccines that contain multiple antigens induce broader immunity
Yes
State how subunit vaccines that contain multiple antigens induce broader immunity
Induce production of antibodies directed against multiple antigens
State what the advantages of subunit vaccines are
- safer/more stable/easier to store than live vaccines
State what the disadvantages of subunit vaccines are
- require multiple doses & adjuvant to improve immune strength
State how subunit vaccines are made
Growth of pathogens in lab and chemical extraction of antigens using recombinant DNA technology
State whether or not recombinant DNA technology is employed in the creation of live attenuated vaccines
Yes.
Describe toxoid vaccines
Non-recombinant subunit vaccine
State what toxoid vaccines use to boost immunity in patients
Toxins inactivated by formalin to stimulate adaptive immune response
State whether or not toxoid vaccines require multiple doses to achieve immunity
Yes
Provide a term used to reference subunit vaccines that do not use recombinant DNA technology to extract antigens from pathogens
Toxoid vaccines
Provide 1 example of a toxoid vaccine
That against:
- diptheria
State whether or not immunisation is critical
Yes. It is critical.
State whether or not personal immunisation can affect the community and through what process they may affect those around them.
Yes. Herd immunity.
Describe herd imunity
Result of large numbers of people being immune to pathogen to reduce host transmission
State for whom herd immunity is necessary
Essential for the protection of those who cannot be vaccinated or those who have suppressed immune systems
State by whom vaccination programs are established
Governments
State what vaccines provides long term immunity in the absence of a booster vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine
State what short term immunity can be provided by
Introduction of antibodies produced by another organism
Define pandemic
Disease prevalent across the world
Define epidemic
Widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Define outbreak
Sudden occurrence of a disease
