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B12 > Process of Evolution (9.2) > Flashcards

Process of Evolution (9.2) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe evolution

A

Change in genetic composition of populations over time

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2
Q

State how evolution can be observed

A

Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

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3
Q

State what is the driving force of evolution

A

Natural selection

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4
Q

State what natural selection causes

A

Changes in allele frequencies within a population

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5
Q

State whether or not individuals evolve

A

No. Only populations or species

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6
Q

State whether mutations in an individual serve as evidence of evolution

A

No. Only changes in the overall gene pool

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7
Q

Describe species

A

Group of genetically similar individuals that can produce fertile & viable offspring when interbreeding

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8
Q

Describe the 2 classifications of genetic isolation causing mechanisms

A
  1. prezygotic

2. postzygotic

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9
Q

Describe prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Those that typically prevent individuals from different populations from interbreeding

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10
Q

State whether or not prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent fertilisation from occuring

A

Yes.

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11
Q

State what prezygotic isolation mechanisms commonly prevent

A

Mating

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12
Q

List the 6 prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  1. geographical isolation
  2. ecological isolation
  3. temporal isolation
  4. behavioural isolation
  5. morphological isolation
  6. gamete mortality
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13
Q

Describe geographical isolation as a prezygotic mechanism

A

Populations are separated by physical and geographical barriers (e.g. oceans)

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14
Q

Describe ecological isolation as a prezygotic mechanism

A

Populations occupy different niches within the same ecosystem

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15
Q

Describe niches

A

Role/place in ecosystem

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16
Q

Describe temporal isolation as a prezygotic mechanism

A

The breeding cycles or active times of populations do not overlap

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17
Q

Describe behavioural isolation as a prezygotic mechanism

A

This occurs when mating calls and courtship ritual are highly specific (only possible in animals)

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18
Q

Describe morphological isolation as a prezygotic mechanism

A

The reproductive organs of different species are physically incompatible and prevent individuals from mating

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19
Q

Describe gamete mortality as a prezygotic mechanism

A

Egg and sperm fail to fuse in fertilisation

20
Q

Describe sexual selection

A

The difference in the ability of individuals to acquire mates

21
Q

Describe the effect of sexual selection on evolution

A

Increase the likelihood of ‘fitter’ alleles being inherited by the next generation and the presence of favourable alleles in the gene pool

22
Q

Describe postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Those that typically prevent a zygote of two different species from developing into a fertile adult

23
Q

State what the offspring resulting from interbreeding between individuals from different species are called

A

Hybrids

24
Q

Describe hybrid inviability

A

Reproductive isolation - sperm from one species fertilises egg of another species to form hybrid zygote (but unmatched chromosomes prevent embryonic development)

25
Q

Describe reduced hybrid viability

A

Postzygotic isolation - offspring of different species survive to birth/germination but do not reach reproductive maturity

26
Q

Describe hybrid sterility

A

Postzygotic isolation - hybrid offspring are reproductively mature but incapable of reproducing

27
Q

State what hybrid sterility is usually a result of

A

Problems encountered during gamete formation

28
Q

Provide 1 example of a hybrid

A

Mule

29
Q

State whether or not hybrids have homologous chromosomes

A

No

30
Q

State why hybrids do not have homologous chromosomes

A

Genetic material comes from different species

31
Q

Describe hybrid breakdown

A

Postzygotic isolation - first-generation hybrid cannot reliably produce viable second-generation offspring when interbred with other hybrids

32
Q

Describe endemic

A

Native species

33
Q

Describe speciation

A

Evolution of new species from an ancestral species

34
Q

State what the most common form of speciation is

A

Allopatric speciation

35
Q

Describe allopatric speciation

A

Divergent evolution of two new species from an ancestral species resulting from separation by a geographical barrier

36
Q

State when allopatric speciation occurs

A

When a population becomes divided by a geographical barrier

37
Q

State what spatial isolation prevent individuals of separated sub-populations from doing

A

Interbreeding

38
Q

Describe niche

A

A role assumed by a particular organism within its’ community

39
Q

What name is given to the process in which one species evolves to closely resemble another?

A

Mimicry

40
Q

Describe gene pool

A

All alleles possessed by members of a population, which may potentially be passed to next generation.

41
Q

Describe the relationship between gene pool and genetic diversity

A

A gene pool is the total genetic diversity found within a population or a species.

42
Q

Describe the relationship between large gene pool and genetic diversity

A

Large gene pool that has great genetic diversity.

43
Q

Describe adaptive radiation

A

Process in which organisms diversify rapidly from ancestral species

44
Q

State what low heterozygous presence in a population indicates

A

Low genetic diversity

45
Q

Describe how a mass extinction results in new species evolving

A

Reduces competition for resources and leaves many vacant niches, which surviving lineages can evolve into.

46
Q

Describe transitional fossils

A

Any fossil that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

B12 (41 decks)

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