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B12 > Plasma Membrane Transport (2.4) > Flashcards

Plasma Membrane Transport (2.4) Flashcards

1
Q

State the 2 major bulk transport mechanisms

A
  1. Endocytosis

2. Exocytosis

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2
Q

Describe the type of substance transported across the cell membrane via osmosis

A

Water

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3
Q

Describe the type of substances transported across the plasma membrane via simple diffusion

A

Hydrophobic molecules

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4
Q

Provide 3 examples of substances transported across the plasma membrane via simple diffusion

A
  1. Water
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon dioxide
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5
Q

Describe the type of substances transported across the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion

A

Hydrophilic molecules

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6
Q

Provide 4 examples of substances transported across the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Amino acids
  3. Sodium ions
  4. Potassium ions
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7
Q

Describe concave plasmolysis

A

Contraction of the protoplasm and plasma membrane -> results in pocket formation
Points of attachment between cell wall and protoplasm remain

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8
Q

Outline solution reversibility of concave plasmolysis

A

Hypotonic solutions

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9
Q

Describe flaccidity

A

Loss of turgor due to the lack of net water movement between the plant cell and environment

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10
Q

State solution type associated with flaccidity

A

Isotonic solution

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11
Q

State cell type associated with flaccidity

A

Plant cells

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12
Q

Describe protoplasm

A

Fluid lining the contents of a cell

including cytoplasm and cell membrane

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13
Q

Describe cytolysis

A

Bursting of cell due to influx of water

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14
Q

State solution type associated with cytolysis

A

Hypotonic solution

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15
Q

State cell type associated with cytolysis

A

Animal cells

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16
Q

Describe plasmolysis

A

Shrinking of the protoplasm away from the cell wall

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17
Q

State solution type associated with plasmolysis

A

Hypertonic solution

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18
Q

State cell type associated with plasmolysis

A

Plant cells

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19
Q

Describe turgidity

A

State of being turgid (especially due to high fluid content)

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20
Q

State solution type associated with turgidity

A

Hypotonic solution

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21
Q

State cell type associated with turgidity

A

Plant cells

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22
Q

Describe hydrostatic (or turgor) pressure

A

Pressure exerted by fluid against the plant cell wall

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23
Q

Describe ‘particle size’ as a factor affecting the rate of diffusion

A

The smaller the particles, the faster the rate of diffusion through a membrane

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24
Q

Describe ‘temperature’ as a factor affecting the rate of diffusion

A

The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of diffusion

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25
Q

State the 3 main factors which affect the rate of diffusion across the plasma membrane

A
  • Concentration
  • Temperature
  • Particle size
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26
Q

Describe ‘concentration’ as a factor affecting the rate of diffusion

A

The greater the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion

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27
Q

Name the process by which proteins change shape to bind to specific molecules which cross the plasma membrane

A

Conformation

carrier proteins

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28
Q

Describe the process used by carrier proteins to transport molecules across the cell membrane

A

Process: Conformation
Protein changes shape to allow specific molecules to bind and cross membrane
Protein is restored to original shape once molecule crosses

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29
Q

Describe the structure of channel proteins which allows for the transport of molecules across the cell membrane

A

Specific for substance (don’t bind)

Function like pores which open/close

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30
Q

Describe channel proteins

A

A type of protein found on the plasma membrane that is involved in facilitated diffusion

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31
Q

Describe carrier proteins

A

A type of protein found on the plasma membrane that is involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport

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32
Q

State the 2 major membrane transport proteins employed in facilitated diffusion

A
  • Channel proteins

- Carrier proteins

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33
Q

Describe crenation

A

Cell shrinks due to efflux of water

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34
Q

State solution type associated with crenation

A

Hypertonic solution

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35
Q

State cell type associated with crenation

A

Animal cells

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36
Q

Outline the effect of turgor pressure on cell water uptake

A

Prevents further water uptake in plant cells

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37
Q

Describe convex plasmolysis

A

Plasmolysed cell becomes a spherical protoplast which completely detaches from the cell wall

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38
Q

State 2 types of plasmolysis in plant cells

A
  • Concave

- Convex

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39
Q

Outline solution reversibility of convex plasmolysis

A

Irreversible

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40
Q

State the major membrane transport protein employed in active transport processes

A

Carrier proteins

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41
Q

Outline what active transport allows a cell to do

A

Enables cells to maintain internal concentrations of small solutes which differ from concentrations in its’ environment

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42
Q

Describe active transport

A

Movement of a molecule across the cell membrane with the expenditure of energy

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43
Q

Describe passive transport

A

Movement of a molecule across the cell membrane without the expenditure of energy

44
Q

Describe endosmosis

A

Net water influx

45
Q

Describe the osmotic gradient

A

Difference in concentration between solutions on either side of a semi-permeable membrane

46
Q

Describe osmolarity

A

Concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per litre

47
Q

State the major type of molecule that can diffuse across the plasma membrane via simple or facilitated processes

A

Small polar molecules

very slowly throughout simply diffusion

48
Q

State the 2 major types of molecules that cross the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion

A
  1. Small ions

2. Large, polar, water-soluble molecules

49
Q

State the permeability of small, uncharged molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Permeable

50
Q

State 2 examples of large, polar, water-soluble molecules

A
  1. Amino acids

2. Glucose

51
Q

Describe hypertonic solution

A

Solution with a higher concentration of solute

low concentration of free water molecules

52
Q

Describe hypotonic solution

A

Solution with the lower concentration of solute

high concentration of free water molecules

53
Q

Describe isotonic solution

A

Solutions being compared have equal concentrations of the solutes

54
Q

Diffusion occurs because of the…?

A

Concentration gradient

55
Q

State the transport classification of simple diffusion

A

Passive

56
Q

State the transport type of facilitated diffusion

A

Passive

57
Q

State 2 types of molecules that cross the plasma membrane via simple diffusion

A
  1. small, uncharged molecules

2. lipid-soluble, non-polar molecules

58
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher free water concentration to a lower free water concentration

59
Q

Describe the polarity of the water molecule

A

Electrons are not shared equally between the O and H molecules
There is greater concentration of electrons at the O end making O (negatively charged) and H (positively charged)

60
Q

State the permeability of large, polar, water-soluble molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Non-permeable

pass through protein carriers

61
Q

State 2 examples of small, uncharged molecules

A
  • Oxygen

- Carbon dioxide

62
Q

State 3 examples of lipid-soluble, non-polar molecules

A
  • Steroids
  • Alcohol
  • Chloroform
63
Q

State 2 examples of small polar molecules

A
  • Water

- Urea

64
Q

State 3 examples of small ions

A
  • Potassium (K+)
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Chloride ion (Cl-)
65
Q

State the permeability of small, polar molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Permeable/selectively permeable

66
Q

State the permeability of lipid-soluble, non-polar molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Permeable

67
Q

State which organelle synthesises secretory proteins providing an exact location

A

Ribosomes bound to the RER

68
Q

Describe transport vescicles

A

Vesicles that move form one part of the cell to another

69
Q

Describe the path of the secretory protein through the Golgi Apparatus

A

Moves from one cisternae to the next, carried by vesicles

70
Q

State to what face transport vesicles from the Golgi fuse to during exocytosis

A

Transport vesicles fuse to the ‘cis’ face of the Golgi

71
Q

Describe the process that occurs when the secretory vesicle and plasma membrane contact one another

A

Specific proteins alter the arrangement of the phospholipids enabling membrane fusion

72
Q

List the 5 basic stages of secretory protein exocytosis and briefly outline the major stages

A
  1. RER ribosomal synthesis of secretory protein
  2. Protein introduced to transport vesicles
  3. Transport vesicles fuse to ‘cis’ face
  4. Secretory vesicles carry protein from ‘trans’ face
  5. Secretory vesicle fuses to plasma membrane (exocytosis)
73
Q

Describe the 2 faces of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Cytoplasmic

2. Extracellular

74
Q

Describe endocytosis

A

Cell takes in particles from outside the cell by engulfing it within the plasma membrane to form a vesicle

75
Q

Describe exocytosis

A

Movement of materials out of a cell via a vesicle

Vesicles fuse with membrane and contents released into extracellular fluid

76
Q

Describe ‘cis’ face of the Golgi Apparatus

A

The side of the Golgi facing the nucleus

usually near endoplasmic reticulum

77
Q

Describe the ‘trans’ face of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Side of the Golgi facing the plasma membrane

78
Q

Describe secretory vesicles

A

Vesicle that buds from the Golgi Apparatus and contains material to be secreted from cell
(via exocytosis)

79
Q

List the 3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
80
Q

State whether or not bulk transport requires the expenditure of energy

A

Yes. Bulk transport requires energy. It is an active transport process.

81
Q

State the bulk transport process employed in the movement of material from the extracellular fluid into the cellular cytoplasm

A

Endocytosis

82
Q

State the major cellular function of endocytosis

A

Take in materials in bulk by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

83
Q

State the 2 major cellular functions of exocytosis

A
  • Protein secretion

- Release of cellular waste and lysosomal breakdown products

84
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Engulfment of solid materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds the material, forming a phagosome

85
Q

Describe pinocytosis

A

Engulfment of a liquid in which the plasma membrane surrounds the substance, forming a vesicle

86
Q

Describe phagosome

A

Vacuole in cell cytoplasm that contains a phagocytosed particle

87
Q

Describe phagocyte

A

Cells capable of engulfing pathogens or foreign particles to destroy them

88
Q

Describe pseudopodia

A

Temporary protrusion of cell cytoplasm that has the capacity to take up food or other particulate matter

89
Q

Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Transport of substances into a cell in which a receptor binds to a molecule to trigger its’ entry into the cell

90
Q

Describe 2 major types of phospholipid movement within the phospholipid bilayer and relative frequency

A
  • Later movement
    (approx. 1-^7 times/second)
  • Transverse movement
    (once per month)
91
Q

Describe polar molecule

A 
Water soluble
(slight charge)
92
Q

Describe non-polar molecule

A 
Water insoluble
(no charge)
93
Q

State the 3 types of passive transport across membranes

A
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis
94
Q

Describe a reason supporting the fact that the phospholipid bilayer is impermeable to charged atoms or molecules

A

Ions have a surrounding shell of water and are consequently too large to move across the membrane via the phospholipid bilayer
(move through protein channels)

95
Q

State whether molecules move up or down the concentration gradient in diffusion

A

Down the concentration gradient

96
Q

State 3 chemical properties which affects the way molecules cross the plasma membrane

A
  • Size
  • Charge
  • Polarity
97
Q

Describe exosmosis

A

Net water efflux

98
Q

Describe solvent

A

The substance in which a solute dissolves to form a solution

99
Q

Describe solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

100
Q

Describe concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration of a solute between one region and another. (E.g. across membrane)

101
Q

Describe simple diffusion

A

Passive movement of a solute from a region of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

102
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules move down the concentration gradient across the plasma membrane by carrier proteins or channel proteins

103
Q

Describe cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance surrounding the nucleus (not including the cell membrane)

104
Q

Compare and contrast cytoplasm and protoplasm

A

Protoplasm is the content of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm and the cell nucleus whereas cytoplasm is the jelly like substance surrounding the nucleus, within the cell membrane.

105
Q

State whether or not most hydrophobic molecules can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and move freely without the aid of membrane proteins

A

Yes.

106
Q

Describe the relationship between polar and non polar molecules and hydrophobic/hydrophilic classification

A

Polar molecules - hydrophilic

Non-polar molecules - hydrophobic

107
Q

Describe the function of a porin

A

Acts as a protein channel to allow movement of ions/water soluble/polar molecules across the cell membrane

B12 (41 decks)

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