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Cancer Immunotherapy (8.3) Flashcards

1
Q

State from what cancer results from

A

Single abnormal cell that multiplies uncontrollably and spread throughout the body

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2
Q

State what the uncontrolled growth of cancer is a result of

A

Changes to genes that control how cells grow and divide

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3
Q

State what substances that can damage cellular DNA are referred to as

A

Carcinogens

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4
Q

Describe carcinogen

A

A substance that damages cell DNA

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5
Q

State the 3 classifications of carcinogens

A
  1. physical
  2. chemical
  3. biological
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6
Q

Describe a tumour

A

An abnormal growth of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division or failure of programmed cell death

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7
Q

State what tumours may block or damage

A

Normal function of organs and tissues

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8
Q

State whether or not all tumours are cancerous

A

No

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9
Q

Describe benign tumours

A

A mass of abnormal cells (which are not cancerous)

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10
Q

State why benign tumours are not classified as cancerous

A

These tumours do not invade nearby tissue or spread throughout the body

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11
Q

Describe metastasis

A

The process by which cancer cells break away from the original tumour and travel through the blood and lymph vessels - forming a secondary tumour at alternative location

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12
Q

State what cancerous tumours are referred to as

A

Malignant tumours

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13
Q

Describe malignant tumours

A

Mass of cancer cells that can invade nearby tissue and spread throughout the body via metastasis

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14
Q

State 3 ways tumour cells evade the immune response in a number of ways

A
  1. express defective MHC-I molecules
  2. protecting immunosuppressive cytokines
  3. releasing enzymes that suppress T lymphocyte responses
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15
Q

Describe immunotherapy

A

Any treatment that harnesses the immune system of the patient to fight diseases such as cancer

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16
Q

State the 2 classifications of immunotherapy

A
  1. non-specific

2. specific

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17
Q

Describe non-specific immunotherapy

A

Stimulate the immune system in general

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18
Q

Describe specific immunotherapy

A

Act on cancer cells by directly stimulating the adaptive immune response against them

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19
Q

State 1 example of non-specific immunotherapy

A
  • injection of cytokines
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20
Q

State 1 example of specific immunotherapy

A
  • cancer vaccines

- monoclonal antibody therapy

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21
Q

Describe cancer vaccines

A

Stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells

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22
Q

State to what preventative cancer vaccines are directed against

A

Viruses that cause cancer

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23
Q

Provide 2 examples of preventative cancer vaccines

A
  1. HPV vaccine

2. HBV vaccine

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24
Q

State what preventative cancer vaccines introduce to the body

A

Specific viral antigens into the body

25
State to whom therapeutic cancer vaccines are given to
Pre-existing cancer patients
26
State the 3 cancer vaccines
1. preventative cancer vaccines 2. therapeutic cancer vaccines 3. personalised cancer vaccines
27
State from what therapeutic cancer vaccines are composed from
Antigens specific to specific cancer cells and adjuvants
28
State the purpose of adjuvants in therapeutic cancer vaccines
Boost immune response
29
Describe what personalised cancer vaccines are
Therapeutic vaccines that are developed for individual patients
30
Describe monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies produced by a single clone of a B lymphocyte that are grown in cultures to produce a large volume of the same clone
31
State an alternative representative for monoclonal antibodies
mAbs
32
State what produces mAbs
B lymphocyte clones
33
State in what mAbs are grown
Culture
34
State to what all produced mAbs are specific to
Same antigen
35
State how mAbs are used to treat cancer
Targeting specific antigens present on tumour cells
36
State what mAbs can target
Cells of the immune system
37
State 5 steps outlining mAbs production
1. mice injected with antigen (from cancer cell - if used for cancer therapy) 2. B lymphocytes produce antigen-specific antibodies 3. B lymphocytes isolated and fused to myeloma cell 4. formation of hydridoma 5. cell secretes mAbs
38
Describe myeloma cell
B lymphocytes which proliferate uncontrollably
39
State what cell line myeloma cells are a part of
Immortal cell line
40
State what immortal cell lines can undergo and in the absence of what
Continual cell division without mutation
41
State what immortal cell lines allow
Cells to be cultured for long periods of time
42
Describe hybridoma
Product of fusion of an immortal cell line with a B lymphocyte
43
State what is launched when mice mAbs are introduced to the human body
Immune response is mounted once the antibodies are recognised as foreign
44
State what immune response is responsible for the destruction of mouse mAbs
Adaptive immune response
45
State what mouse mAbs have been replaced with to reduce the immune response
Replace mouse antibodies with human component
46
State what process has been used to replace mouse mAbs with human components
Recombinant DNA techniques
47
State what antibodies with a mixture of mouse and human components are termed
Chimeric mAbs
48
Describe chimeric mAbs
Antibody made of mouse and human molecular components
49
State what kind of mouse can produce fully human antibodies
Transgenic mice
50
Describe transgenic mice
Genetically modified organisms that contain genes from other species
51
State what mAbs are termed when they contain a greater quantity of human components when compared to chimeric mAbs
Humanised antibodies
52
Describe conjugated mAbs
mAbs attached to chemotherapy drug, toxin or radioactive particle
53
State what conjugated mAbs are used for
Delivery of treatments to the specific cancer cells
54
Describe bispecific mAbs
Artificially produced mAbs used to target cancer cells and activate the immune system simultaneously
55
State what process is used to produce bispecific mAbs
Recombinant DNA technology
56
State what bispecific mAbs are used to indirectly activate
Adaptive immune response
57
State what bispecific mAbs can attach to at the same time
Two different antigens
58
State how bispecific mAbs can attach to two different antigens at the same time
Composed of parts from two unique mAbs and have two antigen-binding sites
59
State what treatment involving conjugated mAbs involves
Treatment limiting the toxic effects on healthy cells to those located near cancerous cells

B12 (41 decks)

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