Cancer Immunotherapy (8.3) Flashcards
State from what cancer results from
Single abnormal cell that multiplies uncontrollably and spread throughout the body
State what the uncontrolled growth of cancer is a result of
Changes to genes that control how cells grow and divide
State what substances that can damage cellular DNA are referred to as
Carcinogens
Describe carcinogen
A substance that damages cell DNA
State the 3 classifications of carcinogens
- physical
- chemical
- biological
Describe a tumour
An abnormal growth of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division or failure of programmed cell death
State what tumours may block or damage
Normal function of organs and tissues
State whether or not all tumours are cancerous
No
Describe benign tumours
A mass of abnormal cells (which are not cancerous)
State why benign tumours are not classified as cancerous
These tumours do not invade nearby tissue or spread throughout the body
Describe metastasis
The process by which cancer cells break away from the original tumour and travel through the blood and lymph vessels - forming a secondary tumour at alternative location
State what cancerous tumours are referred to as
Malignant tumours
Describe malignant tumours
Mass of cancer cells that can invade nearby tissue and spread throughout the body via metastasis
State 3 ways tumour cells evade the immune response in a number of ways
- express defective MHC-I molecules
- protecting immunosuppressive cytokines
- releasing enzymes that suppress T lymphocyte responses
Describe immunotherapy
Any treatment that harnesses the immune system of the patient to fight diseases such as cancer
State the 2 classifications of immunotherapy
- non-specific
2. specific
Describe non-specific immunotherapy
Stimulate the immune system in general
Describe specific immunotherapy
Act on cancer cells by directly stimulating the adaptive immune response against them
State 1 example of non-specific immunotherapy
- injection of cytokines
State 1 example of specific immunotherapy
- cancer vaccines
- monoclonal antibody therapy
Describe cancer vaccines
Stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells
State to what preventative cancer vaccines are directed against
Viruses that cause cancer
Provide 2 examples of preventative cancer vaccines
- HPV vaccine
2. HBV vaccine