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b12 > Cancer Immunotherapy (8.3) > Flashcards

Cancer Immunotherapy (8.3) Flashcards

1
Q

State from what cancer results from

A

Single abnormal cell that multiplies uncontrollably and spread throughout the body

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2
Q

State what the uncontrolled growth of cancer is a result of

A

Changes to genes that control how cells grow and divide

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3
Q

State what substances that can damage cellular DNA are referred to as

A

Carcinogens

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4
Q

Describe carcinogen

A

A substance that damages cell DNA

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5
Q

State the 3 classifications of carcinogens

A
  1. physical
  2. chemical
  3. biological
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6
Q

Describe a tumour

A

An abnormal growth of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division or failure of programmed cell death

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7
Q

State what tumours may block or damage

A

Normal function of organs and tissues

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8
Q

State whether or not all tumours are cancerous

A

No

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9
Q

Describe benign tumours

A

A mass of abnormal cells (which are not cancerous)

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10
Q

State why benign tumours are not classified as cancerous

A

These tumours do not invade nearby tissue or spread throughout the body

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11
Q

Describe metastasis

A

The process by which cancer cells break away from the original tumour and travel through the blood and lymph vessels - forming a secondary tumour at alternative location

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12
Q

State what cancerous tumours are referred to as

A

Malignant tumours

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13
Q

Describe malignant tumours

A

Mass of cancer cells that can invade nearby tissue and spread throughout the body via metastasis

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14
Q

State 3 ways tumour cells evade the immune response in a number of ways

A
  1. express defective MHC-I molecules
  2. protecting immunosuppressive cytokines
  3. releasing enzymes that suppress T lymphocyte responses
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15
Q

Describe immunotherapy

A

Any treatment that harnesses the immune system of the patient to fight diseases such as cancer

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16
Q

State the 2 classifications of immunotherapy

A
  1. non-specific

2. specific

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17
Q

Describe non-specific immunotherapy

A

Stimulate the immune system in general

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18
Q

Describe specific immunotherapy

A

Act on cancer cells by directly stimulating the adaptive immune response against them

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19
Q

State 1 example of non-specific immunotherapy

A
  • injection of cytokines
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20
Q

State 1 example of specific immunotherapy

A
  • cancer vaccines

- monoclonal antibody therapy

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21
Q

Describe cancer vaccines

A

Stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells

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22
Q

State to what preventative cancer vaccines are directed against

A

Viruses that cause cancer

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23
Q

Provide 2 examples of preventative cancer vaccines

A
  1. HPV vaccine

2. HBV vaccine

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24
Q

State what preventative cancer vaccines introduce to the body

A

Specific viral antigens into the body

25
Q

State to whom therapeutic cancer vaccines are given to

A

Pre-existing cancer patients

26
Q

State the 3 cancer vaccines

A
  1. preventative cancer vaccines
  2. therapeutic cancer vaccines
  3. personalised cancer vaccines
27
Q

State from what therapeutic cancer vaccines are composed from

A

Antigens specific to specific cancer cells and adjuvants

28
Q

State the purpose of adjuvants in therapeutic cancer vaccines

A

Boost immune response

29
Q

Describe what personalised cancer vaccines are

A

Therapeutic vaccines that are developed for individual patients

30
Q

Describe monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies produced by a single clone of a B lymphocyte that are grown in cultures to produce a large volume of the same clone

31
Q

State an alternative representative for monoclonal antibodies

A

mAbs

32
Q

State what produces mAbs

A

B lymphocyte clones

33
Q

State in what mAbs are grown

A

Culture

34
Q

State to what all produced mAbs are specific to

A

Same antigen

35
Q

State how mAbs are used to treat cancer

A

Targeting specific antigens present on tumour cells

36
Q

State what mAbs can target

A

Cells of the immune system

37
Q

State 5 steps outlining mAbs production

A
  1. mice injected with antigen (from cancer cell - if used for cancer therapy)
  2. B lymphocytes produce antigen-specific antibodies
  3. B lymphocytes isolated and fused to myeloma cell
  4. formation of hydridoma
  5. cell secretes mAbs
38
Q

Describe myeloma cell

A

B lymphocytes which proliferate uncontrollably

39
Q

State what cell line myeloma cells are a part of

A

Immortal cell line

40
Q

State what immortal cell lines can undergo and in the absence of what

A

Continual cell division without mutation

41
Q

State what immortal cell lines allow

A

Cells to be cultured for long periods of time

42
Q

Describe hybridoma

A

Product of fusion of an immortal cell line with a B lymphocyte

43
Q

State what is launched when mice mAbs are introduced to the human body

A

Immune response is mounted once the antibodies are recognised as foreign

44
Q

State what immune response is responsible for the destruction of mouse mAbs

A

Adaptive immune response

45
Q

State what mouse mAbs have been replaced with to reduce the immune response

A

Replace mouse antibodies with human component

46
Q

State what process has been used to replace mouse mAbs with human components

A

Recombinant DNA techniques

47
Q

State what antibodies with a mixture of mouse and human components are termed

A

Chimeric mAbs

48
Q

Describe chimeric mAbs

A

Antibody made of mouse and human molecular components

49
Q

State what kind of mouse can produce fully human antibodies

A

Transgenic mice

50
Q

Describe transgenic mice

A

Genetically modified organisms that contain genes from other species

51
Q

State what mAbs are termed when they contain a greater quantity of human components when compared to chimeric mAbs

A

Humanised antibodies

52
Q

Describe conjugated mAbs

A

mAbs attached to chemotherapy drug, toxin or radioactive particle

53
Q

State what conjugated mAbs are used for

A

Delivery of treatments to the specific cancer cells

54
Q

Describe bispecific mAbs

A

Artificially produced mAbs used to target cancer cells and activate the immune system simultaneously

55
Q

State what process is used to produce bispecific mAbs

A

Recombinant DNA technology

56
Q

State what bispecific mAbs are used to indirectly activate

A

Adaptive immune response

57
Q

State what bispecific mAbs can attach to at the same time

A

Two different antigens

58
Q

State how bispecific mAbs can attach to two different antigens at the same time

A

Composed of parts from two unique mAbs and have two antigen-binding sites

59
Q

State what treatment involving conjugated mAbs involves

A

Treatment limiting the toxic effects on healthy cells to those located near cancerous cells

b12 (41 decks)

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