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B12 > Apoptosis (6.3) > Flashcards

Apoptosis (6.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what the growth and development of a multicellular organism requires

A

Careful regulation of cell division, differentiation and cell death

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2
Q

State what process regulates cell division, differentiation and cell death

A

Cellular signalling

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3
Q

Describe apoptosis

A

Regulated and programmed cell death

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4
Q

State what billions of cells in your body die of every hour

A

Apoptosis

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5
Q

State what ‘self-destruction’ enables a multicellular organism to do

A

Regulate cell numbers

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6
Q

State what molecules apoptosis involves

A

Signalling molecules

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7
Q

State what type of response apoptosis is considered

A

Receptor-mediated

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8
Q

State 3 common occurrences that promote apoptosis

A
  1. cell ageing
  2. cell obsolescence
  3. damaged DNA
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9
Q

Describe cell obsolescence as a factor promoting apoptosis

A

Lack of requirement for the cell

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10
Q

Describe caspases

A

Group of enzymes involve in protein and DNA cleavage

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11
Q

State where caspases are produced

A

Within the cell

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12
Q

State how caspases are stored

A

Inactive precursors

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13
Q

State what group of enzymes are responsible for apoptosis

A

Caspases

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14
Q

Describe the path of a signalling molecule in terms of caspase activation

A
  1. signalling molecule produced
  2. binds to receptor
  3. binding activates caspase
  4. caspase stimulates other caspases
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15
Q

Describe what caspase activation can be considered in apoptosis

A

Cascade

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16
Q

Provide 1 example of a caspase

A
  • caspase-3
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17
Q

State what caspase-3 causes during the process of apoptosis

A

Fragmentation of actin filament and inactivation of DNA repair

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18
Q

State 6 roles of caspases in apoptosis

A
  1. DNA cleavage
  2. nuclear protein degradation
  3. nuclear membrane cleavage
  4. cytoskeleton dismantling
  5. protein breakdown
  6. organelle breakdown
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19
Q

Describe bleb

A

Protrusion or bulge of the cell membrane

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20
Q

State whether or not apoptosis can be stopped or reversed

A

Apoptosis cannot be stopped or reversed once triggered

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21
Q

State the 7 major steps of apoptosis

A
  1. cell separation
  2. cytoskeleton collapse
  3. cell shrinkage
  4. organelle breakdown
  5. bleb formation
  6. apoptotic bodies budding
  7. phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
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22
Q

Describe what the budding of apoptotic bodies prevents

A

Toxic or immunogenic substances from leaking as a result of phagocytosis

23
Q

Describe what cells are responsible for the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

A

Specialised phagocytes - usually macrophages

24
Q

Describe an inflammatory response. Provide 2 examples of what might trigger it.

A

Protective response triggered by damaged tissue or invading pathogens

25
State what phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies prevents
Triggering of an inflammatory response
26
State the 2 pathways of apoptosis
1. intrinsic | 2. extrinsic
27
State what determines which apoptotic pathway is taken
Signal source (inside or outside of the cell)
28
Provide another term used to describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Mitochondrial pathway
29
Provide another term used to describe the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Death receptor pathway
30
State 4 factors which may trigger the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis
1. damage via radiation 2. viral infection 3. toxins 4. damaged DNA
31
State from which part of the cell a signal must originate for the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis to be triggered
Inside the cell
32
State from which part of the cell a signal must originate for the death receptor pathway of apoptosis to be triggered
Outside the cell
33
State what the mitochondrial apoptosis signalling pathway is regulated by
Proteins
34
Describe the role of Bcl-2 in regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
(pro-) promote or (anti-) inhibit apoptosis
35
State what Bcl-2 proteins do following stress or cellular damage
Proteins relocate from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial surface causing pore formation
36
State what substance is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm as a result of the relocation of the Bcl-2 proteins
Cytochrome c into the cytoplasm
37
State in which organelle cytochrome c is located
Mitochondria
38
State what cytochrome c forms with a protein called Apaf-1 in the cytosol
Apoptosome
39
State what Apaf-1 represents
Apoptotic protease-activating factor
40
Describe apoptosome
Large protein formed as a result of apoptosis
41
State what apoptosome activates
Cascade of caspases
42
Describe death receptors
Specific receptors on the outer surface of cells that will bind to cytokines
43
State what death receptors are specific to
Cytokine signalling moleulces
44
State what proteins death receptors are classified as
Transmembrane proteins
45
State where death receptors are located on a cell
Plasma membrane
46
State what occurs when a signalling molecule binds to a death receptor
Signal transduction initiates a cascade that lead to apoptosis
47
State what too much cell death may result in
Loss of vital tissue
48
State what too little cell death may result in
Tumor formation/cancer
49
Provide 3 examples of condition triggered by excessive apoptosis
1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Parkinson's disease 3. Motor neuron disease
50
Provide 1 example of a condition triggered by inhibited apoptosis
Syndactyly
51
Describe syndactyly
Failure of sin between digits to be removed during embryonic development
52
Describe Alzheimer's disease
Neurodegenerative disease that results in the shrinking of the brain due to a loss of neurons
53
Describe cancer
Group of diseases that commonly involve unregulated and abnormal cell growth/division

B12 (41 decks)

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