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B12 > Apoptosis (6.3) > Flashcards

Apoptosis (6.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what the growth and development of a multicellular organism requires

A

Careful regulation of cell division, differentiation and cell death

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2
Q

State what process regulates cell division, differentiation and cell death

A

Cellular signalling

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3
Q

Describe apoptosis

A

Regulated and programmed cell death

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4
Q

State what billions of cells in your body die of every hour

A

Apoptosis

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5
Q

State what ‘self-destruction’ enables a multicellular organism to do

A

Regulate cell numbers

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6
Q

State what molecules apoptosis involves

A

Signalling molecules

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7
Q

State what type of response apoptosis is considered

A

Receptor-mediated

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8
Q

State 3 common occurrences that promote apoptosis

A
  1. cell ageing
  2. cell obsolescence
  3. damaged DNA
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9
Q

Describe cell obsolescence as a factor promoting apoptosis

A

Lack of requirement for the cell

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10
Q

Describe caspases

A

Group of enzymes involve in protein and DNA cleavage

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11
Q

State where caspases are produced

A

Within the cell

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12
Q

State how caspases are stored

A

Inactive precursors

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13
Q

State what group of enzymes are responsible for apoptosis

A

Caspases

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14
Q

Describe the path of a signalling molecule in terms of caspase activation

A
  1. signalling molecule produced
  2. binds to receptor
  3. binding activates caspase
  4. caspase stimulates other caspases
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15
Q

Describe what caspase activation can be considered in apoptosis

A

Cascade

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16
Q

Provide 1 example of a caspase

A
  • caspase-3
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17
Q

State what caspase-3 causes during the process of apoptosis

A

Fragmentation of actin filament and inactivation of DNA repair

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18
Q

State 6 roles of caspases in apoptosis

A
  1. DNA cleavage
  2. nuclear protein degradation
  3. nuclear membrane cleavage
  4. cytoskeleton dismantling
  5. protein breakdown
  6. organelle breakdown
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19
Q

Describe bleb

A

Protrusion or bulge of the cell membrane

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20
Q

State whether or not apoptosis can be stopped or reversed

A

Apoptosis cannot be stopped or reversed once triggered

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21
Q

State the 7 major steps of apoptosis

A
  1. cell separation
  2. cytoskeleton collapse
  3. cell shrinkage
  4. organelle breakdown
  5. bleb formation
  6. apoptotic bodies budding
  7. phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
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22
Q

Describe what the budding of apoptotic bodies prevents

A

Toxic or immunogenic substances from leaking as a result of phagocytosis

23
Q

Describe what cells are responsible for the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

A

Specialised phagocytes - usually macrophages

24
Q

Describe an inflammatory response. Provide 2 examples of what might trigger it.

A

Protective response triggered by damaged tissue or invading pathogens

25
Q

State what phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies prevents

A

Triggering of an inflammatory response

26
Q

State the 2 pathways of apoptosis

A
  1. intrinsic

2. extrinsic

27
Q

State what determines which apoptotic pathway is taken

A

Signal source (inside or outside of the cell)

28
Q

Provide another term used to describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Mitochondrial pathway

29
Q

Provide another term used to describe the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Death receptor pathway

30
Q

State 4 factors which may trigger the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis

A
  1. damage via radiation
  2. viral infection
  3. toxins
  4. damaged DNA
31
Q

State from which part of the cell a signal must originate for the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis to be triggered

A

Inside the cell

32
Q

State from which part of the cell a signal must originate for the death receptor pathway of apoptosis to be triggered

A

Outside the cell

33
Q

State what the mitochondrial apoptosis signalling pathway is regulated by

A

Proteins

34
Q

Describe the role of Bcl-2 in regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway

A

(pro-) promote or (anti-) inhibit apoptosis

35
Q

State what Bcl-2 proteins do following stress or cellular damage

A

Proteins relocate from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial surface causing pore formation

36
Q

State what substance is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm as a result of the relocation of the Bcl-2 proteins

A

Cytochrome c into the cytoplasm

37
Q

State in which organelle cytochrome c is located

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

State what cytochrome c forms with a protein called Apaf-1 in the cytosol

A

Apoptosome

39
Q

State what Apaf-1 represents

A

Apoptotic protease-activating factor

40
Q

Describe apoptosome

A

Large protein formed as a result of apoptosis

41
Q

State what apoptosome activates

A

Cascade of caspases

42
Q

Describe death receptors

A

Specific receptors on the outer surface of cells that will bind to cytokines

43
Q

State what death receptors are specific to

A

Cytokine signalling moleulces

44
Q

State what proteins death receptors are classified as

A

Transmembrane proteins

45
Q

State where death receptors are located on a cell

A

Plasma membrane

46
Q

State what occurs when a signalling molecule binds to a death receptor

A

Signal transduction initiates a cascade that lead to apoptosis

47
Q

State what too much cell death may result in

A

Loss of vital tissue

48
Q

State what too little cell death may result in

A

Tumor formation/cancer

49
Q

Provide 3 examples of condition triggered by excessive apoptosis

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. Parkinson’s disease
  3. Motor neuron disease
50
Q

Provide 1 example of a condition triggered by inhibited apoptosis

A

Syndactyly

51
Q

Describe syndactyly

A

Failure of sin between digits to be removed during embryonic development

52
Q

Describe Alzheimer’s disease

A

Neurodegenerative disease that results in the shrinking of the brain due to a loss of neurons

53
Q

Describe cancer

A

Group of diseases that commonly involve unregulated and abnormal cell growth/division

B12 (41 decks)

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