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B12 > Diseases of the Immune System (8.2) > Flashcards

Diseases of the Immune System (8.2) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe hypersensitivity reactions

A

Immune system reacts to antigens that pose no threat to the body causing cell damage and disease

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2
Q

Describe the 4 major classifications of hypersensitivity reactions

A
  1. type I
  2. type II
  3. type III
  4. type IV
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3
Q

Describe the form of type I hypersensitivity

A

Immediate

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4
Q

Describe the form of type II hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic

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5
Q

Describe the form of type III hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex

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6
Q

Describe the form of type IV hypersensitivity

A

Delayed-type

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7
Q

Provide an alternative term to describe type I hypersensitivity

A

Allergy

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8
Q

Describe allergy

A

Rapid and vigorous overreaction of the immune system to allergens

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9
Q

State the 3 hypersensitivity reaction types that can result in autoimmune diseases

A
  1. type II
  2. type III
  3. type IV
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10
Q

State the 1 hypersensitivity reaction type that can result in allergies

A
  1. type I
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11
Q

Describe the type I hypersensitivity reactions

A

Rapid and vigorous overreaction of the immune system to antigens that are normally harmless

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12
Q

State what the antigens that result in type I hypersensitivity reactions are referred to as

A

Allergens

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13
Q

State 3 example of typical allergic substances

A
  • pollen
  • latex
  • peanuts
  • MSG
  • lobster
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14
Q

State the most extreme type of hypersensitivity type I reaction

A

Anaphylaxis

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15
Q

State what substance’s release is central to the immediate hypersensitivity reaction

A

Histamine

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16
Q

State what cells release histamine when encountering the allergen

A

Mast cells

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17
Q

State what allergic reaction are mediated by

A

IgE antibody

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18
Q

State what IgE is produced by

A

Plasma cells

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19
Q

State through what IgE travels through in the body

A

Bloodstream

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20
Q

State what occurs when the IgE antibody comes into contact with mast cells

A

Tail end of IgE antibody bind to receptors on cell surface

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21
Q

State what occurs with subsequent exposure to the same allergen

A

Allergen binds to a pair of adjacent IgE molecules through cross linking

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22
Q

State what the binding via cross linking of IgE antibody to mast cells triggers

A

Signal transduction cascade that causes mast cells to release histamine

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23
Q

State from what mast cells release histamine

A

Intracellular vesicles

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24
Q

State by what process mast cells release histamine

A

Exocytosis

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25
Q

Describe antihistamine

A

Drug that counteracts the effects of histamine by blocking histamine receptors and suppressing allergic reaction symptoms

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26
Q

State 5 effects of histamine

A
  1. blood vessel dilation
  2. blood pressure decrease
  3. increase in permeability of blood vessels to immune cells
  4. contraction of smooth muscles lining airways (making it more difficult to breath)
  5. activation of fluid-secreting cells (runny nose/tears/sneezing which expels foreign antigens)
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27
Q

State the 2 types of antibodies which are involved in the cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction

A
  1. IgM

2. IgG

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28
Q

State how long it may take for cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions to occur

A

Hours

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29
Q

Provide 2 examples of cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions in humans

A
  1. Haemolytic anaemia - mother produces antibodies directed against Rhesus antigens on foetal red blood cells
  2. Binding of penicillin to red blood cells - if anti-penicillin antibodies are present they may bind to the drug and trigger the destruction of red blood cells
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30
Q

State the 2 types of antibodies which are involved in immune complex hypersensitivity reaction

A
  1. IgM

2. IgG

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31
Q

State to what the antibodies in type III hypersensitivity reactions are directed against

A

Soluble antigens

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32
Q

State what forms when antibodies bind to soluble antigens

A

Antigen-antibody immune complexes

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33
Q

State where antigen-antibody immune complexes can be deposited

A

Tissues

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34
Q

State what antigen-antibody immune complexes cause when deposited in tissues

A

Inflammation

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35
Q

State how long it may take for immune complex hypersensitivity reactions to occur

A

Hours/days

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36
Q

Provide 1 example of immune complex hypersensitivity reactions in humans

A
  1. serum sickness - immune complexes form as a result of a person’s antibodies binding to a foreign antigen in serum
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37
Q

State whether or not delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibodies

A

No

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38
Q

State what delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by

A

Helper T lymphocytes

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39
Q

State what helper T lymphocytes activate to produce an immune response

A
  • macrophages
  • eosinophil
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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40
Q

State how long it may take for delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions

A

Days (as the name suggests - ‘delayed’)

41
Q

State 1 example of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • rash caused by poison ivy contact (has a lipid-soluble compound called 3-pentadecacatechol that crosses the cell membrane and causes new peptides to be produced which are recognised by cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
42
Q

State what normally occurs to T and B lymphocytes that are reactive against self-antigens

A

Destroyed

43
Q

Describe autoimmune disease

A

Diseases that result from an adaptive immune response directed against self-antigens

44
Q

State what must fail for an autoimmune disease to occur

A

Self-tolerance

45
Q

State what cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack in an autoimmune disease

A

Tissues

46
Q

State how B lymphocytes act indirectly in an autoimmune disease

A

Secreting antibodies

47
Q

State whether or not mast cells are activated in autoimmune diseases

A

Yes.

48
Q

State whether or not autoimmune disease tend to be more commonly inherited to females or males

A

Females

49
Q

State the 2 forms of autoimmune diseases

A
  1. organ-specific

2. generalised

50
Q

Describe the location of organ-specific autoimmune diseases

A

Particular parts of the body

51
Q

Provide an example of an organ-specific autoimmune diseases

A
  • multiple sclerosis (only affect brain and spinal cord)
52
Q

Provide an example of generalised autoimmune diseases

A
  • systematic lupus erythematosus (affects various organs and tissues of the body, such as the joints, skin, kidneys and the brain)
53
Q

Describe the location of generalised autoimmune diseases

A

Occurs widely throughout the body

54
Q

State what occurs to neurons in multiple sclerosis

A

Nerve cells lose the myelin sheath insulating them

55
Q

State what occurs when neurons lose the myelin sheath insulating them

A

Conduction of signals along the nerve is impaired/damaged

56
Q

State the location of neurons impacted by MS

A

Those in the CNS

57
Q

State what types of lymphocytes are involved in MS

A
  • helper T lymphocytes
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
58
Q

State what plasma cells produce in MS

A

Antibodies that target proteins and lipids in the myelin sheath

59
Q

State in what cells mitochondria are damaged to release signalling molecules that induce apoptosis

A

Oligodendrocyte

60
Q

State what specialised macrophages are involved in oligodendrocyte desctruction

A

Microglia

61
Q

State what type of hypersensitivity reaction is consistent with the symptoms of MS

A

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

62
Q

State what cells are responsible for the mediation of MS

A

T lymphocytes

63
Q

State what the MS disease involves the activation of

A

Macrophages

64
Q

Describe immunodeficiency

A

Immune system cannot adequately respond to antigens, or fails to react at all

65
Q

State the 2 major forms of immunodeficiency disorders

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

66
Q

Describe primary immunodeficiency

A

Condition present from birth either as a result of a genetic defect or developmental abnormality

67
Q

Describe congenital

A

Child is born with the deficiency - genetic defect or development abnormality

68
Q

Provide 2 examples of primary immunodeficiency disorders

A
  1. DiGeorge syndrome

2. SCID (‘bubble baby disease’)

69
Q

Describe DiGeorge syndrome

A

Thymus fails to develop and mature T lymphocyte production is impaired

70
Q

Describe SCID

A

B and T cells do not develop properly or function correctly

71
Q

State from what a secondary immunodeficiency disorder is acquired

A

External factor

72
Q

State from what a primary immunodeficiency disorder is acquired

A

Genetic factor

73
Q

State the 2 things that secondary immundeficiencies can be

A
  • permanent

- temporary

74
Q

State from what temporary secondary immunodeficiency can develop as a result of

A

Severe stress or malnutrition

75
Q

Provide 2 examples of permanent secondary immundeficiences disorders

A
  1. AIDS

2. HIV

76
Q

State what HIV is classified as

A

Retrovirus

77
Q

Describe retrovirus

A

RNA virus that makes a DNA copy of its genetic information by reverse transcription

78
Q

State what occurs after transcription to retroviruses

A

Viral DNA is inserted into the host cell DNA

79
Q

State what occurs after viral DNA has been inserted into host cell DNA in retroviruses

A

Results in the production of viral copies after DNA is expressed by the host cell

80
Q

State what may occur even after the immune system initially responds to the HIV viruses

A

Some copies of the virus may survive

81
Q

State whether or not the HIV virus can impair the immune response

A

Yes

82
Q

State what type of cells are preferentially infected by HIV viruses

A

Helper T lymphocytes

83
Q

State how the impairment of helper T lymphocytes by the HIV viruses disrupts the adaptive immune response

A

Results in the impairment of humoral and cell-mediated response activations

84
Q

State when AIDS occurs

A

When the number of helper T lymphocytes becomes very low as a result of HIV infection

85
Q

State what AIDS makes patients susceptible to

A

Opportunistic infections

86
Q

State in what HIV is present in HIV-positive people

A

Body fluids

87
Q

State the 3 ways HIV can be transmitted

A
  1. by unprotected vaginal/anal sex
  2. by sharing/using contaminated needles
  3. from HIV-positive mother to foetus during pregnancy/baby during birth or breastfeeding
88
Q

State what ART represents

A

Antiretroviral therapy

89
Q

State what AIDS represents

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

90
Q

State what HIV represents

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

91
Q

State what HIV infects and destroys

A

T lymphocytes

92
Q

State what the structure of the nucleic acid within the HIV viron is

A

Single-stranded RNA

93
Q

State what the core of the HIV viron contains that is necessary for viral reproduction in addition to nucleic acid

A

Reverse Transcriptase

94
Q

State what the response of mast cells to the presence of an allergen is dependent upon

A

The cell being sensitised by previous exposure to the allergen

95
Q

Describe sensitisation

A

Cells of the immune system identify allergen as non-self and activate immune response which prepares for future exposure to allergen - involves the production of specific IgE antibodies against the allergen

96
Q

State what cells produce IgE antibodies

A

Plasma cells in the tissue around the site of entry of the allergen

97
Q

State where IgE antibodies attach to and upon what cells

A

Constant region attaches to the surface receptors ofmast cellsthat are located in the linings throughout the body, including the airways.

98
Q

State what mast cells that are coated with IgE antibodies are referred to as

A

Primed

99
Q

State what the presence of primed mast cells means and what will occur if future exposure occurs

A

Person is sensitised to particular antigen and next exposure will cause allergic response

B12 (41 decks)

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