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Systematic Biology > Seedless Vascular Plant: Algae, Fern, Fern Allies > Flashcards

Seedless Vascular Plant: Algae, Fern, Fern Allies Flashcards

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1
Q

domain of ferns

A

eukarya

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2
Q

kingdom of ferns

A

plantae

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3
Q

division of spore producers

A

polypodiophyta

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4
Q

class of true ferns

A

filicinae (pteridophyte)

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5
Q

class of horsetails

A

equisetopsida (equisetophyta)

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6
Q

class of whisk fern

A

psilotopsida (psilotophyte)

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7
Q

class of quill worts, club, and spike mosses

A

lycopodiosida (lycopodophyta)

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8
Q

contains xylem (water transport) and phloem (sugar transport)

A

vascular tissue

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9
Q

stem, roots, and leaves

A

vegetative structures

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10
Q

in vascular plants, it is generally woody/herbaceous

A

woody

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11
Q

vascular plants can be ____ only on stem structures

A

woody

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12
Q

diploid organism in ferns

A

sporophyte

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13
Q

gametophyte is (diploid/haploid)

A

haploid

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14
Q

big leaf with single unbranched vein

A

megaphyll

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15
Q

pteridophtes have (megaphyll/microphyll)

A

megaphyll

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16
Q

coiled emergence of leaves

A

fiddleheads

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17
Q

large, undivided leaf structure

A

frond

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18
Q

root develop this to form new megaphylls

A

rhizomes

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19
Q

gametophyte is known as this

A

prothallus

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20
Q

male spore bearing structure

A

antheridia

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21
Q

female spore bearing structure

A

archegonia

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22
Q

small leaf with unbranched vein

A

microphyll

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23
Q

horsetails can be (microphyll/megaphyll)

A

microphyll

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24
Q

spore bearing structure is called this in horsetails

A

strobilus

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25
Q

strobili in equisetophytes are (monoecious/diecious)

A

monoecious

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26
Q

gametophyte known as this in horsetails

A

prothallus

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27
Q

equisetophyta’s spore contain this, water-sensitive spring for momvenet

A

hygroscopic elaters

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28
Q

have no true roots but contain rhizomes for anchorage

A

whisk ferns

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29
Q

present in whisk ferns, also known as synangia

A

enations

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30
Q

ball-like stem protrusion through the body of the plant

A

synangia

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31
Q

a whisk fern’s part that is a saprophyte

A

gametohpyte

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32
Q

sporophytespores are produced at peripheral portions rather than the top portion of the plant

A

lateral sporangia

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33
Q

lyocopodiaseae

A

club mosses

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34
Q

selaginellaceae

A

spike mosse

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35
Q

Isoetaceae

A

quillworts

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36
Q

in lycophytes, spores are these, which means uniform in size

A

isosporous

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37
Q

monoecious in lycopodophyta

A

club mosses

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38
Q

spike mosses and quillworts are ____

(monoecious/dioceious)

A

dioecious

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39
Q

alternation of generations

A

haplontic cycle

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40
Q

component of phytoplankton and photosynthetic

A

algae

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41
Q

green algae

A

chlorophyta

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42
Q

brown algae

A

phaeophyta

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43
Q

diatoms

A

bacillariophyta

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44
Q

dinoflagellates

A

pyrrophyta

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45
Q

red algae

A

rhodophyta

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46
Q

common name of chlorophyta

A

green algae

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47
Q

storage bodies for starch in chlorophyta

A

pryenoids

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48
Q

covers the chloroplast in chlorophyta

A

pyrenoids

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49
Q

are green algae capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction

true or false?

A

true

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50
Q

spores are flagellated __________ in chlorophyta

A

zoospores

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51
Q

aside from blrown algae, phaeophyta common name

A

seaweeds

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52
Q

contains chlorophyll a, b, and fucoxanthin

A

phaophyta

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53
Q

source of algin for gelatin

A

sodium alginate

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54
Q

most abundant unicellular algae in waters

A

diatoms

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55
Q

Food and oxygen source in bodies of water

A

diatoms

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56
Q

fossils of diatoms used in filtration systems, insecticides, abrasives, and absorbents

A

diatomaceous earth

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57
Q

contain two (2) whirling flagella in its body

A

dinoflagellates

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58
Q

are the causative agent for “red tide

A

gymnodium
gonyaulax

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59
Q

Produces neurotoxin that cause paralysis in both smooth and skeletal muscle

A

dinoflagellates

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60
Q

line in the transverse axis of dinoflagellates

A

cingulum

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61
Q

line in the longitudinal axis of dinoflagellates

A

sulcus

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62
Q

present in warm waters

A

red algae

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63
Q

Contain chlorophyll a, b, and phycobilin (red pigment)

A

red algae

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64
Q

Used in the production for gelatin (agar) for capsules in medicines, culture media for bacterial growth, and anti-drying agent for baked goods

A

red algae

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65
Q

are commonly known as the ferns and its allies

A

seedless vascular plants

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66
Q

There are four
divisions containing these living vascular plants that are said to be evolutionarily related to the
vascular plants from which era of forests

A

Carboniferous forests

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67
Q

alsoknown as psilotophytes, consist of 142 species and are the simplest living vascular plants,
having no roots

A

division psilotophyta

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68
Q

whisk ferns

A

psilotophyta

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69
Q

called lycopodophytes,
consist of more than 1,000 species of club mosses and related plants

A

lycopodophyta

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70
Q

produce
large numbers of simple leaves and sometimes superficially resemble large mosses

A

lycopodophytes

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71
Q

called sphenophytes, include 15 species commonly known as horsetails because of their characteristic jointed structure with whorls of
needle-like leaves at each joint.

A

sphenophyta (equisetophyta)

72
Q

which consists of more than 11,000 species of ferns. Ferns,
also known as pteridophytes, have larger, more complex leaves than other seedless vascular
plants.

A

Pteridophyta

73
Q

Recent molecular evidence suggests that _____ , _____, and
______are the seedless vascular plants most closely related to seed plants

A

psilotophytes
sphenophytes
pteridophytes

74
Q

The living members of the phylum Psilotophyta consist of two genera

A

Psilotum
Tmesipteris

75
Q

The vast majority of psilotophytes belong to the genus _____,
which contains 129 species of whisk ferns

A

Psilotum

76
Q

They are found in tropical and subtropical regions of
Asia and the Americas and also frequently grow as weeds in greenhouses.

A

psilotophyta

77
Q

other genus of psilotophyta, consists of 13 species that are usually epiphytes hanging from
rocks or attached to other plants, such as tree ferns.

A

tmesipteris

78
Q

have branching stem systems with
protosteles

A

psilotophyta

79
Q

unlike other living vascular plants, they
have no true roots or leaves

A

psilotophyta

80
Q

instead of leaves, the stem has
small, scale-like, nonvascularized flaps of green
tissue called

psilotophyta

A

enations

81
Q

means to rise out of

A

enations

82
Q

the photosynthetic, whisk-like
stems bear tri-lobed, yellow _____

A

sporangia

83
Q

nutrients are absorbed by rhizomes that have rhizoids, or root hair-like
structures

A

psilotophyte

84
Q

like the whisk ferns, ____ lacks roots

A

Tmesipteris

85
Q

however, instead of enations, the genus has single-veined leaves

A

Tmesipteris

86
Q

both genera of psilotophytes are closely related to _____

A

ferns

87
Q

homosporous and has bisexual gametophytes

which division

A

psilotophyta

88
Q

gametophyte is a small underground structure less than a centimeter
long

A

Psilotum

89
Q

sometimes it contains vascular tissue but is not photosynthetic, relying instead on
mutualistic ____ to supply nutrition

A

fungi

90
Q

after fertilization occurs, the young sporophyte grows within the base of an
______, developing a foot that attaches it temporarily to the gametophyte

A

archegonium

91
Q

as in all seedless vascular plants, eventually the new sporophyte detaches from the
gametophyte, becoming an independent ____

A

plant

92
Q
  • in the mature sporophyte, a photosynthetic branching stem system forms from buds
    on ______
A

rhizomes

93
Q

contain diploid spore mother cells that produce haploid spores by meiosis,
giving rise to the gametophytes and completing the life cycle

A

sporangia

94
Q

contains about 1,000 living species, classified into three orders:
Lycopodiales (club mosses), Selaginellales (spike mosses), and Isoetales (quillworts).

A

Lycopodophyta

95
Q

are small herbaceous plants, but some of their ancient ancestors were trees
that dominated moist tropical and semitropical forests about 325 to 280 million years ago, during
the Carboniferous period.

A

lycopodophytes

96
Q

were the most diverse and prevalent species
of the time, ranging from tiny herbs to trees with trunks up to a third of a meter or more in
diameter

A

ancient lycopodophytes

97
Q

a are typical examples of extinct lycopodophyte trees,
reaching 10 to 54 meters at maturity, with leaves up to about a meter in length.

A

Sigillaria and Lepidodendron

98
Q

each dichotomous branching
the stems became _____, which eventually limited height.

A

thinner

99
Q

cambial cells produced only
small amounts of secondary xylem and no secondary ____, so the small conducting system
also restricted height.

A

phloem

100
Q

The remains of lycopodophyte trees contributed greatly to the extensive
____ that gives the Carboniferous period its name

A

coal formation

101
Q

When the trees died and fell into
the anaerobic swamps, only limited decomposition occurred, and the accumulated weight
eventually changed the vegetative debris into _______

A

coal

102
Q

all lycopodophytes have ______, leaves that have a single vascular trace, or leaf
vein

A

microphylls

103
Q

although the microphylls of modern lycophytes are generally small (hence the name, meaning “small leaf”), the microphylls of some ____lycophyte trees
reached up to about a meter (3 feet) in length

A

extinct

104
Q

are typically elongated and spirally arranged, and there is no leaf
gap; that is, there is no break in the stem’s vascular cylinder where the leaf
branches from the main vascular system

A

microphylls

105
Q

some botanists consider Tmesipteris leaves, which have single veins, to be
(microphylls/megaphylls) as wel

A

microphylls

106
Q

fertile microphylls with sporangia often form small _____(cones), which should
not be confused with the seed-bearing cones of gymnosperms

A

strobili

107
Q

most living lycopodophytes belong to this order

A

Lycopodiales

108
Q
  • commonly known as club mosses
    because of the club-shaped strobili
A

lycopodiales

109
Q

most of the 200 species are tropical,
and many of them are epiphytic

A

lycopodiales

110
Q

the growth habit is typically that of a
branching rhizome that produces both
underground root-like structures and
photosynthetic branches resembling
giant mosses

A

lycopodiales

111
Q

lycopodiales the life cycle is similar to that of ___

A

psilotum

112
Q

fertile leaves

A

sporophylls

113
Q

o the spores are homosporous and germinate into bisexual gametophytes

o depending on the species, the gametophytes are sometimes photosynthetic
and occasionally are found underground, where they rely on mutualistic fungi
for nutrition

o gametophytes can take years to mature and may produce sporophytes for
more than one year

o the young sporophyte develops in the base of an archegonium before
eventually becoming an independent plant

A

Psilotum

114
Q

contains only one family
(Selaginellaceae) and one genus
(Selaginella)

A

sellaginellales

115
Q
  • most of the 700 species of -____, or
    spike mosses, live in moist tropical
    environments
A

selaginella

116
Q

some live in arid regions, such as
the desert-dwelling

A

Selaginella lepidophylla

117
Q

unlike club mosses and most other
seedless vascular plants, ______ species are heterosporous, producing microspores and megaspore

A

Selaginella

118
Q

within each strobilus, sporangia appear on the surface o

A

sporophylls

119
Q

sporophylls with microsporangia are called

A

microsporophylls

120
Q

sporophylls with megasporangia

A

megasporophylls

121
Q

species also differ from most other seedless vascular plants in
gametophyte development, which is endosporic, taking place mostly inside the
spore wall

A

selaginella species

122
Q

in other seedless vascular plants, as well as in bryophytes, gametophyte
growth is ____ (endosporic, exosporic)

A

exosporic

123
Q

a, each microgametophyte, consisting of little more than sperm
cells, grows within a microspore and, after reaching maturity, releases the
sperm

A

selaginella

124
Q
  • contains only one family (Isoetaceae) and one genus
    (Isoetes)
A

Isoetales

125
Q

closely related to Lepidodendron and other
lycopodophyte trees of the Carboniferous period

A

Isoetales

126
Q

the 60 species of ____are the only living
lycopodophytes that have a vascular cambium

A

quillworts

127
Q

unlike their extinct relatives, _____are not large
and consist of an expanded corm (underground stem)
producing roots and quill-like microphylls that can all
become sporophylls

A

quillworts

128
Q

like Selaginella, _____are heterosporous,
with microsporangia and megasporangia
forming on the surface of leaves, near their
attachment to the plant

A

quillworts

129
Q

quillworts live in regions that are underwater part or all of the year, and they are
occasionally used as ____

A

aquarium plants

130
Q
  • some species have no ____, instead obtaining carbon for photosynthesis from the
    organic mud in which they live
A

stomata

131
Q

during the day, photosynthetic bacteria and algae keep CO2 concentrations in the
water (low/high)

A

low

132
Q

at night, respiration of bacteria and other organisms markedly increases/decreases CO2,
levels

A

increases

133
Q

onsisting of 15 species of plants
commonly known as horsetails

A

equisetophyta

134
Q

considered to be the world’s most
unusual plants

A

equisetophyta

135
Q

the sporophyte has a hollow, jointed stem
with whorled microphylls at the nodes

A

equisetophyta

136
Q

the microphylls feel somewhat
rough because their epidermal
cells contain____ in horsetails

A

silica

137
Q

which is why
historically horsetails had been
used to clean pots and have been
commonly known as scouring
rushes

A

silica content of horesetails

138
Q

ave been called “living fossils”
because today’s plants are
practically indistinguishable from
fossils 400 million years old

A

equisetophyta

139
Q

like most seedless vascular plants, Equisetum is ____

A

homosporous

140
Q

are clustered into umbrella-like sporangiophores that are grouped together
geometrically into a strobilus

A

sporangia

141
Q
  • some species have separate sterile and fertile shoots, whereas in others every shoot
    becomes fertile at maturity
A

equisetophyta

142
Q

within each sporangium, spores are wrapped with elongated structures called ______,
which uncoil as the strobilus matures and dries, dispersing the spores

in horsetails

A

elaters

143
Q

each germinating spore develops within a few weeks into an independent,
photosynthetic gametophyte that is typically bisexual

A

equisetophyta

144
Q

as in all seedless vascular plants, the ____eventually detaches from the gametophyte and becomes an independent plant

A

sporophyte

145
Q

evolved from extinct trimerophytes and first appeared during the Carboniferous
period. Today they are the most successful and widespread group of seedless vascular plants.

A

pteridophyta

146
Q

They usually occur in moist terrestrial environments and are less frequently found in fresh water,
on mountains, and in deserts. Most of the 11,000 species are tropical, being adapted to moist,
warm conditions.

A

pteridophyta

147
Q

s. The division contains vines, epiphytes, and trees, but even the largest living
tree ferns do not have secondary growth.

A

pteridophyta

148
Q

the earliest group of plants to
have _____, leaves with
a highly branched vascular
system, in contrast with the
single vascular trace in
microphylls

A

megaphylls

149
Q

are
generally larger than
microphylls and, unlike
microphylls, have leaf
gaps or similar areas of
parenchyma where the
vascular tissue leaves
the stele

A

megaphylls

150
Q

may have
given ferns a
photosynthetic advance over seedless vascular plants with microphylls

A

megaphylls

151
Q

o in a few species, they can even become meristematic and develop new plants
at their tips

A

megaphylls

152
Q

, a backbone-like line of cells with thickened walls

A

annulus

153
Q

o when the spores are mature, the annulus dries and contracts, rapidly opening
the sporangium and hurling the ____away from the plant

A

spores

154
Q

usually photosynthetic, the gametophytes are one cell layer thick, less than half a
centimeter across, and frequently heart-shaped

A

pteridophytes

155
Q

are coiled and multiflagellate, and after fertilization the embryo grows within the
archegonium

A

sperm

156
Q
  • at first, the young sporophyte is independent/dependent, absorbing nutrients while attached to the
    gametophyte
A

dependent

157
Q

the production of spores occurs on the sporophyte megaphylls, known as

A

fronds

158
Q

are often compound, divided into leaflets

A

fronds

159
Q

fronds are often compound, divided into leaflets called

A

pinnae

160
Q

an extension of the petiole

A

rachis

161
Q

are coiled, forming what are known as fiddleheads, or crosiers,
that are edible in some species, although recent studies have shown that some
are carcinogenic

A

immature fronds

162
Q

most fern species have one type of ____, which is both fertile and
photosynthetic

A

frond

163
Q

some species have separate sterile and fertile fronds, with the sterile/fertile fronds
being mainly non-photosynthetic

A

sterile

164
Q

o the sporangia on fertile fronds typically occur in groups called

A

sori

165
Q

▪ arrangements vary greatly among species, but ____typically appear as
random dot-like structures on the frond surface or at the edge of fronds

A

sori

166
Q

depending on the species, each ____ may be either “naked” or covered
by a part of the frond

A

sorus

167
Q

the covering may be an umbrella-like structure called an

A

indusium

168
Q

or it may be simply the curled edge of the frond, often
called a

A

false indusium

169
Q

are formed by one of two possible developmental patterns:
eusporangiate or leptosporangiate

A

fern sporangia

170
Q

(the orders Ophioglossales and Marattiales),
sporangia develop from a group of meristematic initial cells on the leaf

A

eusporangiate

171
Q

in which sporangia grow
from a single initial cell

A

leptosporangiate

172
Q

o it occurs through the horizontal underground stems known as ____, as in
bracken ferns

A

rhizomes

173
Q

a few fern species, such as Trichomanes speciosum and several species of
Hymenophyllum, Vittaria, and Trichomanes lack sporophytes and can only
reproduce asexually

true or false

A

true

174
Q

they do so through special filaments that detach from ____and
develop into new plants

A

gametophytes

175
Q

o such species form colonies that can be more than 1,000 years old, living in
habitats also favored by ___ which bryophyte

A

mosses

176
Q
A

Systematic Biology (18 decks)

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