Seedless Vascular Plant: Algae, Fern, Fern Allies Flashcards
domain of ferns
eukarya
kingdom of ferns
plantae
division of spore producers
polypodiophyta
class of true ferns
filicinae (pteridophyte)
class of horsetails
equisetopsida (equisetophyta)
class of whisk fern
psilotopsida (psilotophyte)
class of quill worts, club, and spike mosses
lycopodiosida (lycopodophyta)
contains xylem (water transport) and phloem (sugar transport)
vascular tissue
stem, roots, and leaves
vegetative structures
in vascular plants, it is generally woody/herbaceous
woody
vascular plants can be ____ only on stem structures
woody
diploid organism in ferns
sporophyte
gametophyte is (diploid/haploid)
haploid
big leaf with single unbranched vein
megaphyll
pteridophtes have (megaphyll/microphyll)
megaphyll
coiled emergence of leaves
fiddleheads
large, undivided leaf structure
frond
root develop this to form new megaphylls
rhizomes
gametophyte is known as this
prothallus
male spore bearing structure
antheridia
female spore bearing structure
archegonia
small leaf with unbranched vein
microphyll
horsetails can be (microphyll/megaphyll)
microphyll
spore bearing structure is called this in horsetails
strobilus
strobili in equisetophytes are (monoecious/diecious)
monoecious
gametophyte known as this in horsetails
prothallus
equisetophyta’s spore contain this, water-sensitive spring for momvenet
hygroscopic elaters
have no true roots but contain rhizomes for anchorage
whisk ferns
present in whisk ferns, also known as synangia
enations
ball-like stem protrusion through the body of the plant
synangia
a whisk fern’s part that is a saprophyte
gametohpyte
sporophytespores are produced at peripheral portions rather than the top portion of the plant
lateral sporangia
lyocopodiaseae
club mosses
selaginellaceae
spike mosse
Isoetaceae
quillworts
in lycophytes, spores are these, which means uniform in size
isosporous
monoecious in lycopodophyta
club mosses
spike mosses and quillworts are ____
(monoecious/dioceious)
dioecious
alternation of generations
haplontic cycle
component of phytoplankton and photosynthetic
algae
green algae
chlorophyta
brown algae
phaeophyta
diatoms
bacillariophyta
dinoflagellates
pyrrophyta
red algae
rhodophyta
common name of chlorophyta
green algae
storage bodies for starch in chlorophyta
pryenoids
covers the chloroplast in chlorophyta
pyrenoids
are green algae capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction
true or false?
true
spores are flagellated __________ in chlorophyta
zoospores
aside from blrown algae, phaeophyta common name
seaweeds
contains chlorophyll a, b, and fucoxanthin
phaophyta
source of algin for gelatin
sodium alginate
most abundant unicellular algae in waters
diatoms
Food and oxygen source in bodies of water
diatoms
fossils of diatoms used in filtration systems, insecticides, abrasives, and absorbents
diatomaceous earth
contain two (2) whirling flagella in its body
dinoflagellates
are the causative agent for “red tide
gymnodium
gonyaulax
Produces neurotoxin that cause paralysis in both smooth and skeletal muscle
dinoflagellates
line in the transverse axis of dinoflagellates
cingulum
line in the longitudinal axis of dinoflagellates
sulcus
present in warm waters
red algae
Contain chlorophyll a, b, and phycobilin (red pigment)
red algae
Used in the production for gelatin (agar) for capsules in medicines, culture media for bacterial growth, and anti-drying agent for baked goods
red algae
are commonly known as the ferns and its allies
seedless vascular plants
There are four
divisions containing these living vascular plants that are said to be evolutionarily related to the
vascular plants from which era of forests
Carboniferous forests
alsoknown as psilotophytes, consist of 142 species and are the simplest living vascular plants,
having no roots
division psilotophyta
whisk ferns
psilotophyta
called lycopodophytes,
consist of more than 1,000 species of club mosses and related plants
lycopodophyta
produce
large numbers of simple leaves and sometimes superficially resemble large mosses
lycopodophytes
called sphenophytes, include 15 species commonly known as horsetails because of their characteristic jointed structure with whorls of
needle-like leaves at each joint.
sphenophyta (equisetophyta)
which consists of more than 11,000 species of ferns. Ferns,
also known as pteridophytes, have larger, more complex leaves than other seedless vascular
plants.
Pteridophyta
Recent molecular evidence suggests that _____ , _____, and
______are the seedless vascular plants most closely related to seed plants
psilotophytes
sphenophytes
pteridophytes
The living members of the phylum Psilotophyta consist of two genera
Psilotum
Tmesipteris
The vast majority of psilotophytes belong to the genus _____,
which contains 129 species of whisk ferns
Psilotum
They are found in tropical and subtropical regions of
Asia and the Americas and also frequently grow as weeds in greenhouses.
psilotophyta
other genus of psilotophyta, consists of 13 species that are usually epiphytes hanging from
rocks or attached to other plants, such as tree ferns.
tmesipteris
have branching stem systems with
protosteles
psilotophyta
unlike other living vascular plants, they
have no true roots or leaves
psilotophyta
instead of leaves, the stem has
small, scale-like, nonvascularized flaps of green
tissue called
psilotophyta
enations
means to rise out of
enations
the photosynthetic, whisk-like
stems bear tri-lobed, yellow _____
sporangia
nutrients are absorbed by rhizomes that have rhizoids, or root hair-like
structures
psilotophyte
like the whisk ferns, ____ lacks roots
Tmesipteris
however, instead of enations, the genus has single-veined leaves
Tmesipteris
both genera of psilotophytes are closely related to _____
ferns
homosporous and has bisexual gametophytes
which division
psilotophyta
gametophyte is a small underground structure less than a centimeter
long
Psilotum
sometimes it contains vascular tissue but is not photosynthetic, relying instead on
mutualistic ____ to supply nutrition
fungi
after fertilization occurs, the young sporophyte grows within the base of an
______, developing a foot that attaches it temporarily to the gametophyte
archegonium
as in all seedless vascular plants, eventually the new sporophyte detaches from the
gametophyte, becoming an independent ____
plant
- in the mature sporophyte, a photosynthetic branching stem system forms from buds
on ______
rhizomes
contain diploid spore mother cells that produce haploid spores by meiosis,
giving rise to the gametophytes and completing the life cycle
sporangia
contains about 1,000 living species, classified into three orders:
Lycopodiales (club mosses), Selaginellales (spike mosses), and Isoetales (quillworts).
Lycopodophyta
are small herbaceous plants, but some of their ancient ancestors were trees
that dominated moist tropical and semitropical forests about 325 to 280 million years ago, during
the Carboniferous period.
lycopodophytes
were the most diverse and prevalent species
of the time, ranging from tiny herbs to trees with trunks up to a third of a meter or more in
diameter
ancient lycopodophytes
a are typical examples of extinct lycopodophyte trees,
reaching 10 to 54 meters at maturity, with leaves up to about a meter in length.
Sigillaria and Lepidodendron
each dichotomous branching
the stems became _____, which eventually limited height.
thinner
cambial cells produced only
small amounts of secondary xylem and no secondary ____, so the small conducting system
also restricted height.
phloem
The remains of lycopodophyte trees contributed greatly to the extensive
____ that gives the Carboniferous period its name
coal formation
When the trees died and fell into
the anaerobic swamps, only limited decomposition occurred, and the accumulated weight
eventually changed the vegetative debris into _______
coal
all lycopodophytes have ______, leaves that have a single vascular trace, or leaf
vein
microphylls
although the microphylls of modern lycophytes are generally small (hence the name, meaning “small leaf”), the microphylls of some ____lycophyte trees
reached up to about a meter (3 feet) in length
extinct
are typically elongated and spirally arranged, and there is no leaf
gap; that is, there is no break in the stem’s vascular cylinder where the leaf
branches from the main vascular system
microphylls
some botanists consider Tmesipteris leaves, which have single veins, to be
(microphylls/megaphylls) as wel
microphylls
fertile microphylls with sporangia often form small _____(cones), which should
not be confused with the seed-bearing cones of gymnosperms
strobili
most living lycopodophytes belong to this order
Lycopodiales
- commonly known as club mosses
because of the club-shaped strobili
lycopodiales
most of the 200 species are tropical,
and many of them are epiphytic
lycopodiales
the growth habit is typically that of a
branching rhizome that produces both
underground root-like structures and
photosynthetic branches resembling
giant mosses
lycopodiales
lycopodiales the life cycle is similar to that of ___
psilotum
fertile leaves
sporophylls
o the spores are homosporous and germinate into bisexual gametophytes
o depending on the species, the gametophytes are sometimes photosynthetic
and occasionally are found underground, where they rely on mutualistic fungi
for nutrition
o gametophytes can take years to mature and may produce sporophytes for
more than one year
o the young sporophyte develops in the base of an archegonium before
eventually becoming an independent plant
Psilotum
contains only one family
(Selaginellaceae) and one genus
(Selaginella)
sellaginellales
- most of the 700 species of -____, or
spike mosses, live in moist tropical
environments
selaginella
some live in arid regions, such as
the desert-dwelling
Selaginella lepidophylla
unlike club mosses and most other
seedless vascular plants, ______ species are heterosporous, producing microspores and megaspore
Selaginella
within each strobilus, sporangia appear on the surface o
sporophylls
sporophylls with microsporangia are called
microsporophylls
sporophylls with megasporangia
megasporophylls
species also differ from most other seedless vascular plants in
gametophyte development, which is endosporic, taking place mostly inside the
spore wall
selaginella species
in other seedless vascular plants, as well as in bryophytes, gametophyte
growth is ____ (endosporic, exosporic)
exosporic
a, each microgametophyte, consisting of little more than sperm
cells, grows within a microspore and, after reaching maturity, releases the
sperm
selaginella
- contains only one family (Isoetaceae) and one genus
(Isoetes)
Isoetales
closely related to Lepidodendron and other
lycopodophyte trees of the Carboniferous period
Isoetales
the 60 species of ____are the only living
lycopodophytes that have a vascular cambium
quillworts
unlike their extinct relatives, _____are not large
and consist of an expanded corm (underground stem)
producing roots and quill-like microphylls that can all
become sporophylls
quillworts
like Selaginella, _____are heterosporous,
with microsporangia and megasporangia
forming on the surface of leaves, near their
attachment to the plant
quillworts
quillworts live in regions that are underwater part or all of the year, and they are
occasionally used as ____
aquarium plants
- some species have no ____, instead obtaining carbon for photosynthesis from the
organic mud in which they live
stomata
during the day, photosynthetic bacteria and algae keep CO2 concentrations in the
water (low/high)
low
at night, respiration of bacteria and other organisms markedly increases/decreases CO2,
levels
increases
onsisting of 15 species of plants
commonly known as horsetails
equisetophyta
considered to be the world’s most
unusual plants
equisetophyta
the sporophyte has a hollow, jointed stem
with whorled microphylls at the nodes
equisetophyta
the microphylls feel somewhat
rough because their epidermal
cells contain____ in horsetails
silica
which is why
historically horsetails had been
used to clean pots and have been
commonly known as scouring
rushes
silica content of horesetails
ave been called “living fossils”
because today’s plants are
practically indistinguishable from
fossils 400 million years old
equisetophyta
like most seedless vascular plants, Equisetum is ____
homosporous
are clustered into umbrella-like sporangiophores that are grouped together
geometrically into a strobilus
sporangia
- some species have separate sterile and fertile shoots, whereas in others every shoot
becomes fertile at maturity
equisetophyta
within each sporangium, spores are wrapped with elongated structures called ______,
which uncoil as the strobilus matures and dries, dispersing the spores
in horsetails
elaters
each germinating spore develops within a few weeks into an independent,
photosynthetic gametophyte that is typically bisexual
equisetophyta
as in all seedless vascular plants, the ____eventually detaches from the gametophyte and becomes an independent plant
sporophyte
evolved from extinct trimerophytes and first appeared during the Carboniferous
period. Today they are the most successful and widespread group of seedless vascular plants.
pteridophyta
They usually occur in moist terrestrial environments and are less frequently found in fresh water,
on mountains, and in deserts. Most of the 11,000 species are tropical, being adapted to moist,
warm conditions.
pteridophyta
s. The division contains vines, epiphytes, and trees, but even the largest living
tree ferns do not have secondary growth.
pteridophyta
the earliest group of plants to
have _____, leaves with
a highly branched vascular
system, in contrast with the
single vascular trace in
microphylls
megaphylls
are
generally larger than
microphylls and, unlike
microphylls, have leaf
gaps or similar areas of
parenchyma where the
vascular tissue leaves
the stele
megaphylls
may have
given ferns a
photosynthetic advance over seedless vascular plants with microphylls
megaphylls
o in a few species, they can even become meristematic and develop new plants
at their tips
megaphylls
, a backbone-like line of cells with thickened walls
annulus
o when the spores are mature, the annulus dries and contracts, rapidly opening
the sporangium and hurling the ____away from the plant
spores
usually photosynthetic, the gametophytes are one cell layer thick, less than half a
centimeter across, and frequently heart-shaped
pteridophytes
are coiled and multiflagellate, and after fertilization the embryo grows within the
archegonium
sperm
- at first, the young sporophyte is independent/dependent, absorbing nutrients while attached to the
gametophyte
dependent
the production of spores occurs on the sporophyte megaphylls, known as
fronds
are often compound, divided into leaflets
fronds
fronds are often compound, divided into leaflets called
pinnae
an extension of the petiole
rachis
are coiled, forming what are known as fiddleheads, or crosiers,
that are edible in some species, although recent studies have shown that some
are carcinogenic
immature fronds
most fern species have one type of ____, which is both fertile and
photosynthetic
frond
some species have separate sterile and fertile fronds, with the sterile/fertile fronds
being mainly non-photosynthetic
sterile
o the sporangia on fertile fronds typically occur in groups called
sori
▪ arrangements vary greatly among species, but ____typically appear as
random dot-like structures on the frond surface or at the edge of fronds
sori
depending on the species, each ____ may be either “naked” or covered
by a part of the frond
sorus
the covering may be an umbrella-like structure called an
indusium
or it may be simply the curled edge of the frond, often
called a
false indusium
are formed by one of two possible developmental patterns:
eusporangiate or leptosporangiate
fern sporangia
(the orders Ophioglossales and Marattiales),
sporangia develop from a group of meristematic initial cells on the leaf
eusporangiate
in which sporangia grow
from a single initial cell
leptosporangiate
o it occurs through the horizontal underground stems known as ____, as in
bracken ferns
rhizomes
a few fern species, such as Trichomanes speciosum and several species of
Hymenophyllum, Vittaria, and Trichomanes lack sporophytes and can only
reproduce asexually
true or false
true
they do so through special filaments that detach from ____and
develop into new plants
gametophytes
o such species form colonies that can be more than 1,000 years old, living in
habitats also favored by ___ which bryophyte
mosses
