Origin of Life and Biodiversity Classification Flashcards
focuses on the classification and phylogenetic origin of life
systematic biology
systematic biology is a combination of two major disciplines
taxonomy and systematics
history of evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent or relationships among broad groups of organisms
phylogeny
naming, describing, and classifying of organisms
taxonomy
relationship and evolutionary development among organisms
systematics
pathways of evolution (how)
cladistics
degree of similarity (how much)
phenetics
Systematics must follow these principles to facilitate proper systemic process of naming of organisms (5)
classification
identification
description
nomenclature
phylogeny
principle of systematics that includes similarities among observed organisms
classification
type of classification: gross morphological structures
artificial based classification
type of classification developmental and morphological structures
natural based classification
type of classification: genetic inheritance, similarity, and difference across species
phylogenetic classification
principle that is the assignment of distinct ecological niche (specific role)
identification
principle that is unique (diagnostic) characteristics of the organisms
description
standard naming procedures for new species
nomenclature
genealogy (ancestor and descendant) analysis
phylogeny
states that the original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances; primordial soup model (prokaryotic cell evolution)
abiogenesis
describes the idea that organic compounds are capable of self-assembly, self-replication, auto-catalysis of chemicals under similar conditions in the early period of Earth
oparin-haldane hypothesis
compounds that has a carbon element
organic compounds
prokaryotic ingestion model (eukaryotic cell evolution)
endosymbiosis
describes the idea that the statistical probability of successful evolution cannot occur without a guiding intellectual cause – unlike in theory of evolution by natural selection
intelligent design hypothesis
the various periods in the life of our planet provides a solid foundation on the evidences used to establish relationship between organisms
biodiversity in geological time scale
provide the key components of systematics as science
fossils
eras in the phanerozoic (3)
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
eon where earth forms
hadean
eon where oldest rocks, earth crust forms
archean
eon where life begins in sea
proterozoic
paleozoic periods (6)
cambrian
ordovician
silurian
devonian
carboniferous
permian
period where the first fish, first chordates were dated
cambrian period
period where there is major diversification of animal life
Ordovician period
period where first amphibians, and fish diversity occured
devonian
period where first vascular plants occured
silurian period
period where first reptiles, trees, and seed ferns were dated
carboniferous period
period where there is major extinction, reptiles diversify
permian period
periods in the mesozoic era
triassic
jurassic
cretaceous
eons in the earth’s history (4)
Hadeon, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic
period where first mammals, first dinosaurs were dated
triassic
period where first birds, dinosaurs diversify
jurassic
period where there is extinction of dinosaurs, first primates, and first flowering plants were dated
cretaceous
periods where mammals diversify
tertiary
period where human evolved
quaternary
period in the cenozoic era
tertiary
quaternary
Five mechanisms of evolution that generates biodiversity
mutation
non-random mating
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection
changes in the DNA yields different expression of traits
mutation
reproduction preference and conditions can
influence the general characteristic of the population
non-random mating
movement of organisms across different population
gene flow (migration)
declining frequency of specific genes is an advantage to others
genetic drift
suitability of specific traits to environment is advantageous
natural selection
application of a correct name to an organisms or taxonomic group
nomenclature
standard nomenclature in naming organisms
binomial nomenclature
Linnean system of classification
main proponent of binomial nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus
Characteristics of Binomial Nomenclature (6)
- binomial
- genus should be written in uppercase
species should be written in lowercase - both genus and species should be italicized
- there are 8 hierarchical classification in the binomial nomenclature
- importance of binomial nomenclature
- taxonomic classification governing body
give the 8 hierarchial classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
why is binomial nomenclature important?
standardized naming of organisms
unification of vernacular name
avoidance of misidentification/misinformation
governing body for plants
international code of botanical nomenclature
governing body for animals
international code of zoological nomenclature
governing body for bacteria
international code for nomenclature of bacteria
governing body for cultivated plants
international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants
deals with the classification and phylogenetic origin of life on Earth.
systematic biology
has gained a firm acceptance in scientific circles among several theories explaining the origin of life on Earth
primordial soup theory
who introduced primordial soup theory
Aleksandr Oparin
J.B.S Haldane
when did they introduce the primordial soup theory
1924
States that in the early stage of the Earth, it did possess a reducing atmosphere and following exposure to various forms of energy, basic compounds were formed
primordial soup theory
The compounds were then said to have accumulated in a ____ where life evolved
soup
where the science of Systematic Biology started where organisms were classified and name
taxonomy
Greek word where Taxonomy comes from meaning ‘arrangement’
taxis
Greek word where Taxonomy comes from meaning ‘method’
nomia
science of naming, defining (circumscribing), and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics which include the bases, rules, and procedures of naming organisms
taxonomy
concerned with the diversity, naming, classification, and evolution of organisms
systematics
study of diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationship
systematic biology
pathways of evolution
cladistics
study of relationship among a group of organisms based on the degree of similarity between them be it molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical
phenetics
study of ancestral relationships and lineages; relationships are depicted through a diagram known as phylogram/cladogram
genealogy
aim of systematics (8)
- To provide a convenient method of identification and communication.
- To provide an inventory of the World’s Flora and Fauna.
- To detect evolution at work.
- To provide a system of classification which depicts evolution within the group.
- To provide an integration of all available information.
- To provide information reference, supplying methodology for information storage, retrieval, exchange and utilization.
- To provide new concepts, reinterpret the old and develop new.
- Procedures for correct determination of taxonomic affinities in terms of phylogeny and phenetics.
means that one group exists within another group
nested
group of organisms that fills a particular category of classification
taxon
– refers to one species (of potentially many) within its genus
specific epithet
referred to by the full binomial name (Genus species)
species
can be used alone to refer to a group of related species
genus
whatever the organism is named, it must have this ending
latin
diagram indicating lines of descent
phylogenetic tree
each branching point in a phylogenetic tree is a diverge from this
common ancestor
diverging branching point representing a common organism that gives rise to two new groups
node
Two types of characters used to construct a tree are
common characters
derived characters
present in all members of a group and present in the common ancestor
common characters
present in some members of a group, but absent in the common ancestor (previously not seen traits)
derived characters
pitch-fork like structure in a phylogenetic tree, multiple branches coming off the same node
polytomy
two species that are really close together (e.g. coyote and wolf)
sister taxa
one weakness of basic phylogenetic tree
age of particular species
some systematists propose that classification be based solely on evolutionary relationships
phylocode
-knowing this of a species may provide a reservoir for genes found in your lost species
closest relative
data that allows to infer phylogenic information
morphological
molecular
Genes or other DNA sequences are also homologous if they are descended from a common ancestor
molecular phylogenic information
Homology: bones in the forelimbs of mammals
morphological phylogenic information
development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin
homoplasy
