Origin of Life and Biodiversity Classification Flashcards
focuses on the classification and phylogenetic origin of life
systematic biology
systematic biology is a combination of two major disciplines
taxonomy and systematics
history of evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent or relationships among broad groups of organisms
phylogeny
naming, describing, and classifying of organisms
taxonomy
relationship and evolutionary development among organisms
systematics
pathways of evolution (how)
cladistics
degree of similarity (how much)
phenetics
Systematics must follow these principles to facilitate proper systemic process of naming of organisms (5)
classification
identification
description
nomenclature
phylogeny
principle of systematics that includes similarities among observed organisms
classification
type of classification: gross morphological structures
artificial based classification
type of classification developmental and morphological structures
natural based classification
type of classification: genetic inheritance, similarity, and difference across species
phylogenetic classification
principle that is the assignment of distinct ecological niche (specific role)
identification
principle that is unique (diagnostic) characteristics of the organisms
description
standard naming procedures for new species
nomenclature
genealogy (ancestor and descendant) analysis
phylogeny
states that the original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances; primordial soup model (prokaryotic cell evolution)
abiogenesis
describes the idea that organic compounds are capable of self-assembly, self-replication, auto-catalysis of chemicals under similar conditions in the early period of Earth
oparin-haldane hypothesis
compounds that has a carbon element
organic compounds
prokaryotic ingestion model (eukaryotic cell evolution)
endosymbiosis
describes the idea that the statistical probability of successful evolution cannot occur without a guiding intellectual cause – unlike in theory of evolution by natural selection
intelligent design hypothesis
the various periods in the life of our planet provides a solid foundation on the evidences used to establish relationship between organisms
biodiversity in geological time scale
provide the key components of systematics as science
fossils
eras in the phanerozoic (3)
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
eon where earth forms
hadean
eon where oldest rocks, earth crust forms
archean
eon where life begins in sea
proterozoic
paleozoic periods (6)
cambrian
ordovician
silurian
devonian
carboniferous
permian
period where the first fish, first chordates were dated
cambrian period
period where there is major diversification of animal life
Ordovician period
period where first amphibians, and fish diversity occured
devonian
period where first vascular plants occured
silurian period
period where first reptiles, trees, and seed ferns were dated
carboniferous period
period where there is major extinction, reptiles diversify
permian period
periods in the mesozoic era
triassic
jurassic
cretaceous
eons in the earth’s history (4)
Hadeon, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic
period where first mammals, first dinosaurs were dated
triassic
period where first birds, dinosaurs diversify
jurassic
period where there is extinction of dinosaurs, first primates, and first flowering plants were dated
cretaceous
periods where mammals diversify
tertiary
period where human evolved
quaternary
period in the cenozoic era
tertiary
quaternary
Five mechanisms of evolution that generates biodiversity
mutation
non-random mating
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection
changes in the DNA yields different expression of traits
mutation
reproduction preference and conditions can
influence the general characteristic of the population
non-random mating
movement of organisms across different population
gene flow (migration)
declining frequency of specific genes is an advantage to others
genetic drift
suitability of specific traits to environment is advantageous
natural selection
application of a correct name to an organisms or taxonomic group
nomenclature
standard nomenclature in naming organisms
binomial nomenclature
Linnean system of classification
main proponent of binomial nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus
Characteristics of Binomial Nomenclature (6)
- binomial
- genus should be written in uppercase
species should be written in lowercase - both genus and species should be italicized
- there are 8 hierarchical classification in the binomial nomenclature
- importance of binomial nomenclature
- taxonomic classification governing body
give the 8 hierarchial classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
why is binomial nomenclature important?
standardized naming of organisms
unification of vernacular name
avoidance of misidentification/misinformation
governing body for plants
international code of botanical nomenclature
governing body for animals
international code of zoological nomenclature
governing body for bacteria
international code for nomenclature of bacteria
governing body for cultivated plants
international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants
deals with the classification and phylogenetic origin of life on Earth.
systematic biology
has gained a firm acceptance in scientific circles among several theories explaining the origin of life on Earth
primordial soup theory
who introduced primordial soup theory
Aleksandr Oparin
J.B.S Haldane
when did they introduce the primordial soup theory
1924
States that in the early stage of the Earth, it did possess a reducing atmosphere and following exposure to various forms of energy, basic compounds were formed
primordial soup theory
The compounds were then said to have accumulated in a ____ where life evolved
soup
where the science of Systematic Biology started where organisms were classified and name
taxonomy
Greek word where Taxonomy comes from meaning ‘arrangement’
taxis
Greek word where Taxonomy comes from meaning ‘method’
nomia
science of naming, defining (circumscribing), and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics which include the bases, rules, and procedures of naming organisms
taxonomy
concerned with the diversity, naming, classification, and evolution of organisms
systematics
study of diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationship
systematic biology
pathways of evolution
cladistics
study of relationship among a group of organisms based on the degree of similarity between them be it molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical
phenetics
study of ancestral relationships and lineages; relationships are depicted through a diagram known as phylogram/cladogram
genealogy
aim of systematics (8)
- To provide a convenient method of identification and communication.
- To provide an inventory of the World’s Flora and Fauna.
- To detect evolution at work.
- To provide a system of classification which depicts evolution within the group.
- To provide an integration of all available information.
- To provide information reference, supplying methodology for information storage, retrieval, exchange and utilization.
- To provide new concepts, reinterpret the old and develop new.
- Procedures for correct determination of taxonomic affinities in terms of phylogeny and phenetics.
means that one group exists within another group
nested
group of organisms that fills a particular category of classification
taxon
– refers to one species (of potentially many) within its genus
specific epithet
referred to by the full binomial name (Genus species)
species
can be used alone to refer to a group of related species
genus
whatever the organism is named, it must have this ending
latin
diagram indicating lines of descent
phylogenetic tree
each branching point in a phylogenetic tree is a diverge from this
common ancestor
diverging branching point representing a common organism that gives rise to two new groups
node
Two types of characters used to construct a tree are
common characters
derived characters
present in all members of a group and present in the common ancestor
common characters
present in some members of a group, but absent in the common ancestor (previously not seen traits)
derived characters
pitch-fork like structure in a phylogenetic tree, multiple branches coming off the same node
polytomy
two species that are really close together (e.g. coyote and wolf)
sister taxa
one weakness of basic phylogenetic tree
age of particular species
some systematists propose that classification be based solely on evolutionary relationships
phylocode
-knowing this of a species may provide a reservoir for genes found in your lost species
closest relative
data that allows to infer phylogenic information
morphological
molecular
Genes or other DNA sequences are also homologous if they are descended from a common ancestor
molecular phylogenic information
Homology: bones in the forelimbs of mammals
morphological phylogenic information
development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin
homoplasy
an approach to systematics that bases on a common ancestry (how)
cladistics
will include an ancestral species and all of its descendants
clades
consist of an ancestral species and ALL of its individuals
monophyletic group
consist of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants
paraphyletic group
includes taxa with different ancestors
polyphyletic group
species from an evolutionary heritage that diverged before the lineage being studying called the ingroup
outgroup
states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
principle of maximum likelihood
assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearance of shared derived characters) is the most likely
maximum parsimony
Why scientific names are in Latin
➢ To provide worldwide consistent name of species
➢ To provide an international name
➢ To make sure that everybody is using the same Latin name for a species
for plants, this is used instead of Phylum
division
publishes International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
International Association of Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
revises ICBN
International Botanical Congress
The plant kingdom is divided into two
nonflowering
flowering plant
do not produce flowers and include the following groups
nonflowering plants
nonflowering plants group (3)
mosses
ferns
gymnosperms
a plant can be divided into 3 parts
stem
leaves
root
small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta
mosses
taxonomic division of mosses
bryophyta
example of mosses
java moss
sphagnales
polytrichum
schistostega
bank haircap
spore-producing capsule in mosses
sporangium or capsule
part of the sporophyte generation (diploid multicellular phase of moss life cycle)
sporangium or capsule
are simplest plants, has no true roots and vascular tissues (no transport)
mosses
mosses have these for anchorage
rhizoids
short thin filament found in fungi and in certain plants and sponges that anchors the growing body to a substratum and is capable of absorbing nutrients
rhizoids
are present in damp terrestrial lands
mosses
➢ have spores from capsules that are dispersed through wind
mosses
have roots, underground stems, and feathery leaves but do not have flowers or seeds
ferns
has an underground stem together with its root
ferns
refers to leaves or fronds that are rolled up with the tip in the centre
circinate
spore-producing organ in ferns located in the underside of the fern fronds
sporangia
clusters of sporangia
sori
vascular plant that reproduces by means of exposed seed or ovule
gymnosperms
in gymnosperms
female cones (scattered/clustered)
male cones (scattered/clustered)
female - scattered
male - clustered
cones are the reproductive structures
gymnosperms
answer the mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms table
grade yourself accordingly
have roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
flowering plants
flowering plants are divided into
monocotyledons
dicotyledons
flowering plants that have parallel veins
moncotyledons
one-seed plant
monocotyledons
usually present in herbaceous plants
monocotyledons
➢ examples include grass and maize
monocotyledons
flowering plants that have network veins
dicotyledons
with backbones
vertebrates
types of vertebraets
amphibians
mammal
bird
fish
reptile
largest group of vertebrates
fishes
covered with scales that protects them
fishes
have fins that help steer and balance in the water
fishes
body temperature vary in the water
fishes
breathe through gills
fishes
body temperature varies in their surroundings
amphibians
hatch eggs and they can live on land as an adult
amphibians
breathe through gills like fishes
young amphibians
breathe air from lungs
adult amphibians
some have smooth moist skins
amphibians
can move at various speeds; lay their eggs on land
reptiles
have dry and scaly skin
reptiles
include animals as large as a crocodile
reptiles
live in hot, dry deserts and in warm, wet tropical rainforests
reptiles
lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest
birds
how many types of birds are there
9,000
Only vertebrates that have wings and covered with feathers
birds
Its skeleton is very light in weight, helping them to fly
birds
Sizes range from small as your finger and as large as a human
birds
include a wide range of animals (ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, etc.)
mammals
Young grows inside the mother
mammals
Include humans but animals have more hair than humans
mammals
in mammals, these help them to keep warm
hairs
Feed milk to their young
mammals
animals that do not have backbones
invertebrates
insects and other invertebrates have these
exoskeletons
Makes up about 97% of the animal kingdom
invertebrates
Hard outer covering that protects an animal’s body and gives it support
exoskeleton
six group of invertebrates
sponges
corals, hydras, jellyfish
worms, flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms
starfish and sea urchins
mollusks
arthropods
look like plants but are animals
sponges
Stay in one place and their bodies are full of holes
sponges
sponges’ _____ is made up of spiky fibers
skeleton
Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food
sponges
Have soft tube-like bodies with a single opening surrounded by armlike parts called tentacles
corals
Feed by catching animals in their tentacles
coral
have tentacles to catch their food, move from place to place and are much smaller animals
hyrdas
catch shrimp, fish, and other animals in its tentacles
jellyfish
tube-shaped invertebrates which allows them to be put into groups
worms
have a head and a tail, and flattened bodies
flatworm
type of flatworm that can live inside the body of animals and humans
tapeworm
have rounded bodies
roundworm
Live in damp places and they can also live inside humans and other animals
roundworm
earthworms belong to this group of worms
segmented worms
Bodies are divided in segments or sections
segmented worms
Prefer burrowing through moist soil that allows them to move easily and keeps them from drying out
segmented worms
belongs to a group of invertebrates that have tiny tube feet and body parts arranged around a central area
starfish sea urchins
have five arms and no head
starfish
Its hard, spiny covering gives protection
starfish
body is covered with spines, belong to the same group as starfish
sea urchin
has a hard shell, rough tongue, and muscular foot
mollusks
mollusk with a single hard shell
snail
has two shells joined by a hinge
clam
Have small hard shells, but are inside their bodies
squid and octupuses
group of invertebrates with jointed legs and hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod
arthropods
Undergoes molting (shedding exoskeleton) as it grows
arthropods
example of an arthropod
lobster
largest group of arthropods
insects
Include insects, spiders, centipedes/millipedes
arthropods
Are the only invertebrates that can fly
arthropods
have jointed legs (eight), jaws, and fangs
spiders
uses its many legs to run from enemies
centipedes
roll up their bodies when they sense danger
millipedes
most accepted since it is known for its role in the expression of genes
RNA theory
States that all life sprouted from a complex RNA world
RNA theory
responsible for copying segment from DNA, transcribing to form chains of amino acid
RNA
Can act as a catalyst for other organic molecules
RNA
Older than DNA and the first genetic material
RNA
First self-replicating information-storage molecule
RNA
Catalyzed the first assembly of proteins
RNA
their work showed that RNA molecules can form spontaneously in water
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman
RNA from the primordial soup model catalyzed the formation of these in the form of cyanobacteria
prokaryotes
started as marine photosynthetic bacteria which emerged around 2.5 BYA
cyanobacteria
succeeded the cyanobacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
emerged around 1.5 BYA through the theory of endosymbiosis
eukaryotes
states that eukaryotes emerged when an ancient anaerobic prokaryotes engulfed aerobic bacteria that turn to become mitochondria
endosymbiosis theory
first eukaryotes and evolved into algae
protists
first multicellular organisms around 700 MYA
algae
– occurred about 550 MYA that resulted in the mass extinction of most organisms
cambrian explosion
about 2.5 BYA this forms to protect live from UV radiation
ozone layer
lived in mutualism
mycorrhizae
evolved into insects on land equipped with exoskeleton, jointed legs, and body segments
sea arthropods
first vertebrates which evolved into amphibians
fishes
evolved into reptiles
amphibians
evolved into birds and mammals
reptiles
defined as the different genetic traits, species, and ecosystem components of the Earth
biodiversity
– identified the first principle of the origin of modern biodiversity
Charles Darwin
who proposed theory of intelligent design
Behe MJ and Meyer SC 2018
deemed to be too good to be true and requires a very long period of time to suit the very slim probability of its process
evolution
evolution violates two fundamental natural laws of themodynamics
law of conservation of mass
law of entropy
all processes during transformation will follow this i.e., increasing degeneration or complexity
entropy
when one population eventually diverges until they cannot interbreed
speciation
type of phylogenetic tree, diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”
cladogram
roup of organisms that include a single ancestor and all of its descendants
clades
began in fishes as 2-chambers
heart
only has one valve, only has a single loop
2-chambered heart
present in amphibians,`
3-chambered heart
Has a septa that separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated (reptiles)
3-chambered heart
no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
4-chambered heart
characteristics shared by organisms in a clade
synapomorphies
