Midterms Flashcards
The extant nonangiospermous seed plant are included within the group known as
gymnosperms
gymnos means
naked
gymnosperm are in fact a what group
monophyletic
most basal lineage of gymnosperms
cycads
cycads
cycadophyta
follows cycads in basal lineage
gingko
gingko
gingkophyta
followed gingko
conifers
conifers
coniferophyta
most frequently placed within the conifers often as a sister group to pinaceae
gnetales
flowering plants
angiosperms
woody plants, monophyletic lineage of the vascular plants that share derived features of a vascular cambium
lignophytes
gives rise to wood
vascular cambium
produces cork
cork cambium
seed plants are also known as
spermatophytes
major evolutionary novelty
seed
immature diploid developing from the zygote, surrounded by nutritive tissue enveloped by a seed coat
seed
immarute root
radicle
shoot apical meristem
epicotyl
young seed leaves
cotyledont
transition between root and stem
hypocotyl
immature seed, prior to fertilization
ovule
formation of two types of haploid spores within two types of sporangia
heterospory
develop via meiosis in the megasporangium
megaspores
products of meiosis in microsporangium
microspores
complete development of female gametophyte within the original spore wall
endospory
two ways megaspore can be reduced
megasporangium # of cells reduction
3 megaspores aborting, leaving one functional megaspore
megaspore mother cell
megasporocyte
final event in seed evolution, the envelopment of the megasporangium by a tissue called
integument
where does the integument grows?
megasporangium
base of megasporangium is called what when surrounded by an integument
nuclleus
small pore at the distal end of the integument
micropyle
immature, endosporic male gametophyte
pollen
extremely reduced main gametophytes
pollen grains
function of male gametophyte that obtains nutrition by absorption from the surrounding sporophytic tissue
haustorial organ
relatively ancient group of plants that were once more common than today and serve as a fodder for plant-eating nonavian dinosaurs
cycadophyta
source of food starch (termed as sago)
cycadophyta
monophyletic lineage consisting of plants with a mostly short erect stem or trunk, rarely tall and palm like
cycads
loss of axillary branching on the aerial trunk is a
cycads
type of venation in cycads
circinate
all cycad individuals are either male or female and the plant sex is termed ____
dioecious
sole genus of Cycadaceae
Cycas
do not form female cones
Cycas
seeds are produced on the lower margins of numerous female sporophylls (also called megasporophylls) in what group of plants?
Cycas
differs from the Cycadaceae having both male and female cones
Zamiaceae
male and female cones
strobili
male sporangia is called what
microsporangia
have extensive fossil record but contain only one extant species
gingkgophytes
only one extant species of gingko
ginkgo biloba
are dioecious and has a motile sperm, do not bear structures that resemble sporophylls
gingkgo
comprise a monophyletic group of highly branched trees or shrubs with simple leaves, the latter a possible apomorphy for the group
conifers
leaves in conifers are clustered into this, in which adjacent internodes are very short in length
short shoots
specialized short shoot consisting of a stem tissue, one or more needle shaped leaves, and persistent basal bud scales
fascicle
apomorphy of conifers and ____ include loss of sperm motility
gnetales
male gametophyte developing pollen tubes in conifers
siphogamous
seed bearing structure, modified laterla branch system
ovuliferous scale
monkey puzzle and norfolk island pine
Araucariaceae
cypress family
Cupressaceae
yew pine
Podocarpaceae
yews
Taxaceae
pine family (cedars, pines, spruces, firs, larches, and hemlock)
Pinaceae
also referred to as gnetopsida or sometimes gnetophyta, interesting group containing three extant families
gnetales
extant families of Gnetales
Ephedraceae
Gnetaceae
Welwitschiaceae
thought to be sister group of angiosperms united by some obscure features such as whorled, somewhat perianth-like microsporophylls that resemble fowers
Gnetales
rather common desert plant shrub and can be recognized by the photosynthetic striate stems and very reduced scale-like leaves
Ephedra
double fertilization is a long definining characteristic of what group of animals
angiosperms
flowering plants
ngiosperms
describes the general appearance of plant, including size, shape,and growth form and orientation
plant habit
plant in which any aboveground shoots, whether vegetative or reproductive, die back at the end of an annual growth season
herb
plant with elongate, weak stems that are generally supported by means of scrambling, twining, tendrisl or roots
vine
vine that is perennial and woody, major components in tree canopy layer of some tropical forest
Liana
perennial, woody plant with several main stems arising at ground level
shrub
defined as generally tall, perennial, woody plant having one main stem (The trunk) arising at ground level
tree
pertains to the general environment where the plant is growing
plant habitat
plants that grow on land
terrestrial
plants that grow on water
aquatic
plants that occur underwater
submerged
plants that occur at the water surface
floating
plants that have roots or stems anchored to the substrate under water and aerial shoots growing above water
emergent
plant found along streams and river banks
rheophyte
plants that grow on other plants
epiphyte
consist of one main vertical root derived from the radicle that penetrates the soil deeply, and helps prevent the plant from toppling
taproot
has no single, main root only large number of similar slender roots that strongly anchor the plant to the soil
fibrous root
taproot become greatly thickened and serve as storage organ for food and water
storage root
associated with epiphytic plants, adventitious roots that generally do not enter the soil
aerial roots
characteristic of leguminous plants such as beans and peas, sites in the root where nitrogen-fixing bacteria can live
root nodules
adaptations of plants that grow in waterlogged environment such as swamps or marshes
pneumatophores
adventitious roots that grow from the base of the stem above the soil line and function to provide additional support to the plant
prop roots
enlarged, horizontally spreading and often vertically thickened roots at the base of the trees that aid in mechanical support, they are found in certain tropical or marsh/swamp tree species
buttress roots
specialized roots among parasitic plants that penetrate the tissues of a host plant
haustoria
character describing the relative position of the stem or shoot, but may also be based on stem structure, growth, and orientation
stem habit
plant with above stem
caulescent
one that lacks and aboveground stem, other than the infloresence axis
acaulescent
stem that are treelike in appearance and size
arborescent
have the habit of a shrub, with numerous, woody aerial trunks
frutescent
being basally woody and herbaceous apically, the habit of a subshrub
suffrutescent
plants that are trailing or lying flat, not rooting at the notes
prostrate
creeping or lying flat but rooting at the nodes
repent
basally prostrate but apically ascending
decumbent
stem habit, in which multiple aerial but short-stemmed shoots arise from the base, forming a much-branched cushion
cespitose
underground stems that serve as storage and protective organs
rootstocks
shoot consist of small amount of vertical stem tissue
bulb
shoot consist of generally globose stem tissue surrounded by scanty, scale-like leaves
corm
rootstock consisting of relatively undifferentiated but vertically oriented stem
caudex
stem is horizontal and underground, typically with short internodes
rhizome
consist of a thick, underground storage stem, usually not upright
tuber
horizontal stem with long internodes that runs on or just below the ground producing new plants
stolon or runner
flatenned modified photosynthetic stem as found in cactus
cladode
water storing stem that allows plants survive subsequent drought periods
succulent
low swollen, perennial storage stem (at or above ground level), from which arise annual or nonpersistent photosynthetic shoots
caudiciform stem
woody trunklike stem that is swolen basally, the swollen region functioning in storage
Pachycaul
sharp pointed stem or shoot
thorn
modified, reduced, non-elongating shoot apical meristem bearing leaf spines
areole
long, slender, coiling branch, adapted for climbing
tendril
refers to arrangement and pattern of veins and vein branching in the leaf blade
leaf venation
exhibits a pattern where primary and secondary veins are essentially parallel to one another
parallel venation
one where the ultimate veinlets from an interconnecting netlike pattern
netted venation
pertains to nature of the joining of the leaf to the stern
leaf attachment
describes a leaf with a petiole or a stalk
petiolate
pertains to a leaf without petiole
sessile
describe a flattened leaf base partially or wholly
sheathing
leaf apears to be extended down the stem
decurrent
describes a sessile leaf with the base of the blade completely surrounding the stem
perfoliate
originally derived from the bark of willow trees
aspirin
obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle to treat childhood leukemia
vincristine
vinblastine
taxonomic account for sago palm
gya
taxonomic account for cardboard plam
gya
taxaonomic account for common juniper
gya
taxonomic account for northwestern white cedar
gya
taxonomic account for narra
gya
taxonomic account for gumamela
gya
taxonomic account for yew plum pine
gya
