Ferns, Nonvascular, Protists Flashcards
some members of these are unicellular, other colonial, and others are multicellular
protista
Kingdom protista is group based on (3)
protozoans
algae
slime mods and water molds
animal-like protist
protozoans
plant-like protists
algae
fungi-like protists
slime molds and water molsd
in terms of nutrition, some protists are: (3)
heterotrophs
autotrophs
mixotrophic
ingestive as Protozoa and absorptive as fungus-like
what type of nutrition
heterotrophs
are algae heterotrophs, autotrophs, or mixotrophs
autotrophs
(both autotroph and heterotroph, as Euglena viridis)
mixotrophic
most of protists are these, but some are sessile
motile
contain chlorophyll and some are unicellular while others are colonial and multicellular
algae
algae that are with similar cells with similar or generalized functions
colonial
algae that have a body composed of a variety of cells with specific functions
multicellular
algal protists include (6)
euglenophyta
chlorophyta
phaeophyta
dinoflagellate
rhodophyta
chrysophyta
under the 8-kingdom system split into three kingdoms based on divergence
protista
protista having no mitochondria
archaezoa
algae type of protista
chromista
under the three-domain system, this is under domain eukarya which is spread to 5 kingdom
protista
5 kingdom under protista
archaezoa
euglenozoan
alveolata
stramenopila
rhodophyta
relatively simple eukaryotic photoautotrophs that lack the tissues (roots, stem, and leaves) of plants
algae
algae are mostly found in the ___
ocean
Location depend on the availability of appropriate nutrients, wavelengths of lights, and surfaces on which to grow
algae
necessary for physical support, reproduction, and diffusion of nutrients of algae
water
algae appear in three types
unicellular
filamentous
thalli
elaborately differentiated cells with one or two flagella that are used for locomotion
euglenoids
➢ approx. 800 known species such as Euglena live in freshwater
➢ some have a light detector near the base of one of their flagella
➢ swim toward diffuse light and away from bright light, which could overheat them
➢ some are strictly not photosynthetic, some lack chloroplast and not photosynthetic at all
euglenoids
supporting structure beneath a euglenoid’s plasma membrane
pellicle
composed of helical bands of protein connected to the ER by microtubules
pellicle
euglenoids share with phylum chlorophyta with these in their chloroplast
chlorophyll a and b
aside from chloroplasts, euglenoids have these that manufacture paramylon
pyrenoids
glucose polymer that is used to store food in euglenoids
paramylon
granules of these are distributed throughout the cytoplasm
paramylon
all euglenoids have the ability to absorb this specific organic molecule through photosynthesis (autotrophy) and can absorb or ingest organic molecules (heterotrophy)
acetate
term where organisms can exhibit autotrophy and heterotrophy
mixotrophs
gives many euglenoids the ability to survive in environments when light is available but food is scarce, or vice versa
mixotrophy
representative genus of euglenophyta which is elongated and bounded by a plasma membrane
euglena
several chloroplast contain chlorophyll a and b together with carotenoids
what organism
euglena
this part of the euglena is located near an anterior reservoir
stigma
located near the anterior reservoir continuously collects water from the cell and empties it to the reservoir, thus
regulating the osmotic pressure within the organism
contractile vacuole
part of the reservoir where two flagella arise, although one arises from the canal and actively beats to move the cell
base
method of reproduction in euglenoids
longitudinal mitotic division
important
components of marine and
phytoplankton
dinoflagellates
➢unicellular, photosynthetic alveolate algae
➢about 3,000 species, with a characteristic shape wherein it is determined by hard cellulose plates located in
vesicles beneath the plasma
membrane
➢ have two flagella, but the flagella are unique in that they lie within two grooves-one traverse (cingulum) and longitudinal (sulcus) in the plates
dinoflagellates
groove that runs from center to the posterior end of the theca
sulcus
groove that runs around the equator of the organism
cingulum
part of the cell above the cingulum
epitheca
part of the cell below the epitheca
hypotheca
each flagella emerges from its own ____
flagellar pore
photosynthetic dinoflagellates that that live symbiotically with sponges, sea corals, sea anemones, mollusks, and other animals
zooxanthellae
lethal compound that dinoflagellates synthesize, produced by dinoflagellate Gonyaulax
saxitoxin
block sodium ion channels in the plasma membrane of nerve cells, thereby preventing the cells from
generating nerve impulses
saxitoxin
ingested by filter feeding mollusk (clams, oysters, scallops, and muscles) without getting injured
gonyaulax
people who eat toxic-laden mollusk may suffer from this, a condition that begins with tingling sensations in the mouth and face and is followed by
paralysis that spreads throughout the body and death occurring in 12 hours, no antidote for saxitoxin exists
paralytic shellfish poisoning
like an armoured knight, measuring approximately a quarter of a millimeter
gonyaulax
during the motile stage of gonyaulax, it is surrounded by this
cellulose theca or amphiesma
has two flagella, the morphological characteristic that inspired the name “dinoflagellate”
gonyaulax
Greek for whirling
dinos
latin for whip
flagellum
easily identifiable because of their unique shape, covered with an armor-like cell wall made up of polysaccharide
ceratium species
➢most contain chloroplasts, while certain species are bioluminescent
➢under adverse conditions, they are able to encyst themselves as a form of protection
➢ are mixotrophs, obtaining food through photosynthesis and phagocytosis
ceratium species
reproduction in ceratium but its counterpart is also possible (under adverse conditions)
asexual reproduction
has a single, apical horn in the ceratum species
ceratium monoceras
part of the ceratium that help it float, but prevent them from moiving quickly
arm
another important feature in ceratium (minicircles)
plasmids
division that is quite diversified with respect to pigment composition, cell wall, and type of flagellated cells
chrysophyta
chrysophyta is divided into what (3)
golden brown algae
yellow green algae
diatoms
chrysos means what
gold
Major photosynthetic pigments are usually chlorophylls a and c1/c2 and the carotenoid fucoxanthin
what division
chrysophyta
➢ Also seen as solitary cells with a green-brown color
➢ Size ranges from 38-53 μm long and 33-45 μm wide
➢ Cells are circular to squarish in shape, with many rounded organelles within them
➢ Only known unarmored dinoflagellate that produces toxins responsible for PSP
➢ Cysts – this part of G. catenatum are brown, spherical and range in size from 45-50μm in diameter
chrysophyta
when this is the dominant pigment, the cells have a golden brown color
fucoxanthin
major carbohydrate reserve of chrysophyta
chrysolaminarin
➢ Some lack cell walls other have intricately patterned coverings external to the plasma membrane such as scales, walls, and plates
➢ Two anteriorly attached flagella of unequal length are common among them, but some have noflagella, and
others have either one flagellum or two that are of equal length
➢ Reproduction is usually asexual but occasionally sexual
➢ Most live in fresh water (although some marine forms are known)
➢ Blooms of some species produce unpleasant odors and taste in drinking water
chrysophyta
about 1,000 species of mostly planktonic freshwater and marine algae
➢ Cells usually have one large chloroplast as well as two flagella of unequal length that emerge perpendicular to each other at one and of the cell
➢ Light detector shaded by an eyespot is located at the base of short flagellum, near the end of the chloroplast
➢ Some of them are mixotrophic, and feed on bacteria and nonliving organic matter, which they draw towards the flagellar end of the cell by waving the flagella
➢ Food is ingested by phagocytosis
➢ often decrease rate of phagocytosis and the size of their chloroplast when food is plentiful
golden brown algae
➢more than 600 species of them live mostly in fresh water, although some are found in the ocean or damp soil
➢ Free-living forms are an important part of the phytoplankton, especially in fresh water and in some salt marshes
➢ Typically unicellular, but some species exists as colonies or as long filaments of cells
➢ Others are coenocytic, consisting of a single cytoplasmic mass that contains many nuclei, with no internal partitions separating the nuclei
yellow green algae
one of the two flagella that arise from opposite ends of yellow-green algae
tinsel flagellum
in addition to tinsel flagellum, a flagella that arise from the end of the yellow-green algae that is smnooth and moves the cell backward
whiplash flagellum
– known to use sexual reproduction in yellow-green algae
vaucheria
▪
Siphonaceous, coenocytic filaments that can form feltlike mats, earning it the nickname “water felt”
▪
Common algae in various freshwater habitats, on soil (forming felt-like patches), on estuarine mud, and amongst higher plants in saltmarshes
▪
Considered as a successful colonist of terrestrial habitats that are most other filamentous alae
vaucheria
marine, growing near and sometimes below the low water mark in sheltered bays in S.W. England
V. piloboloides
▪
thallus is filamentous and siphonous (thallus consisting of multinucleate, branched tubes rather than subdivided by crosswalls into normal cells)
▪
central part of the filament is occupied by a large vacuole, the chloroplast consequently parietal (i.e. layered adjacent to the cell wall) and tending to be aligned to the filament axis
▪
cytoplasm and nutrients can be streamed to the filament, unimpended by cross walls, allowing algae to survive when part of the thallus is buried by silt in seamarshes or when subjected to partial dessication on a soil surface
v. piloboloides
occur in fresh water and salt water and in moist vegetation on land
diatoms
➢
found most commonly in cool or cold regions, including around and even in sea ice
➢
some species live attached to a substrate, but most are free swimming, and along with dinoflagellates, are major constituents of the phytoplankton which make them the most important ultimate source of food for fish and other marine animals
diatoms
may be responsible for one quarter of Earth’s photosynthesis
which type of diatoms
planktomic
➢
have existed for about 250 million years, and more than 5,600 species have been identified
➢
growth is highly dependent on the presence of sufficient dissolved silica in the water
➢
usually do best in a strong current, which ensures continuous supply of silica
➢
remain buoyant by storing oil, because the accumulation of silica in their frustules gives them a density two and a half times denser of sweater
➢
during the day, density may vary by producing or using oil and thus their vertical position in the water column
➢
can produce mainly asexually by mitosis with each daughter cell inheriting one half of the parental cell’s frustule and manufactures the missing half
➢
sexual reproduction occurs when cells reach a certain minimum size undergoing meiosis and producing either eggs or sperm
➢
fertilization – results in the formation of a zygote, which enlarges, manufactures a new frustule, and develops into a full-sized diatom
➢
The frustules of most dead diatoms dissolve, but those that do not dissolve fall to the bottom of the oceans or lakes and fossilize. Because of their silica content, frustules make extremely good fossils
diatoms
is used as an active ingredient in many commercial preparations, including detergents, fine abrasive polishes, pain removers,
decolorizing and deodorizing oils, and fertilizers
diatomaceous earth
is also used extensibly as a filtering agent for liquids in the manufacture of sugar, and as insulation for blast furnaces, soundproofing products, and as an additive to paint to increase the night visibility of signs and license plates.
diatomaceous earth
some diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong chrysophyte cells and with this composed of two halves or thecae
frustules
means cut in two
diastomos
gelatinous substance secreted by diatoms from the pores, which allows movement by gliding
mucilage
also known as green algae, are an extremely varied division
chlorophyta
➢
live in freshwater, although many live in the ocean as seaweeds or part of phytoplankton
➢
some are terrestrial, growing in moist places favored by mosses and ferns or even in snow
➢
also exist in symbiotic relationship with other organisms, some lichens are association between fungi and green algae
➢
have chlorophylls a and b and store starch inside plastids as food reserve
➢
exhibit a wide diversity of body forms, ranging from unicellular to colonial, filamentous, membranous, or sheetlike and tubular types
chlorophyta
representative unicellular freshwater alga commonly found in pods of chlorophyta
chlamydomonas
➢
Each individual organism is an oval haploid cell with a glycoprotein, unlike most green algae it lacks cellulose
➢
It has two flagella of equal length at the anterior end. Its dominant feature is a single large cup-shaped chloroplast that at least partially hides the centrally located nucleus
➢
One or two roundish conspicuous pyrenoids are located in each chloroplast. Most species have a red eyespot (stigma) on the chloroplast near the base of the flagella.
➢
The cell itself is usually less than 25 micrometers, which is however more than three times larger than a human red blood cell. Each cell has two small contractile vacuoles at the base of the flagella.
➢
Reproduction may be asexual or sexual
chlamydomonas
colonial, motile organisms that represent a second major line of evolutionary specialization
volvox
▪
consists of a few hundred to a few thousand photosynthetic cells arranged in a single layer at the surface of a hollow sphere
▪
. Each cell has two flagella on the outside of the sphere. Absorption of light by the cell’s light detectors controls the beating of their flagella and directs the colony towards light.
volvox
also called watersilk, a genus of rather old filamentous freshwater green algae having watery sheaths surrounding the filaments
spirogyra
species have one or two chloroplasts in each cell, but some have as many as 16. Each chloroplast contains several pyrenoids at regular intervals throughout its length
spirogyra
centers for production of starches, appearing as small round bodies
pyrenoids
can be defined as small autotrophs that fail to show any cellular differentiation and their sex organs are unicellular and if multicellular all cells are fertile
algae
is algae photoautotrophs/heterotrophs?
photoautotrophs
habitat of algae
aquatic habitat
algae (do/do not) develop embryo after fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction
do not
algal cells are these (eukaryotic/prokaryotic)
eukaryotic
study of algae
phycology
–barrier in algae that is thin and rigid
cell wall
part of the cell that is surrounded by flexible gelatinous outer matrix
cell wall
flexible cell membrane that motile algae such as euglena possess
periplast
may occur one, two or many per cell they may be ribbon like, bar-like, net-like, or as discrete disks
which organelle
chloroplast
single cells, motile with flagellate (like Chlamydomonas and euglena) or nonmotile (like diatoms)
what type of algae
unicellular algae
➢occur in all groups except carophycae of phylum chlorophyta and pheophyta
➢rhizopodial, flagellate, spiral filamentous, nonmotile
unicellular algae
motile or nonmotile algae may form a colony by aggregation of the products of cell division with in a mucillagenous mass
colonial algae
algae wherein the colony is formed with a definite shape, size, and arrangement of cells (e.g. volvox)
coenobial
algae with irregular arrangement of cells varying in number, shape, and size (e.g. Chlamydomonas, tetraspora)
palmelloid
algae that look like microscopic tree due to the union of mucilaginous threads present at the base of
dendroid
algae where cells are united through rhizopodia (e.g. chrysidiastrum)
rhizopodial colony
daughter cells remain attached after cell division and form a cell chain
filaments algae
adjacent cells share cell wall (distinguish them from linear colonies)
➢
may be unbranched (uniseriate such as zygnema or ulthrix) or branched (regular mutiseriate such as cladophora or unregular mutiseriate such as pithophora)
filaments algae
one large multinucleate cell without cross walls such as Vaucheria
coenocytic
mostly macroscopic algae with tissue of undifferentiated cells and growth originating from a meristem with cell division in three dimension such as Ulva
parenchymatous
intermediate form occurring in dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with nuclear membrane and chromosomes) and prokaryotic characters (basic proteins are absent)
mesokaryotic
algae that do not have true cell wall but instead possess a membrane called pellicle around cytoplasm (2)
euglena
gymnodinium
pigmented spot in flagella
eyespot
pigmented spot in swimming flagella
stigma
found in all algae except rhotopyceae
algal flagella
main function of flagella
motility
flagella that possess smooth surface
whiplash or acronematic
covered by fine filamentous appendages called
mastigonemes or flimmers
tinsel or pleuronematic
tinsel is divided into three types:
pantonematic
pantocronematic
stichonematic
mastigonemes arranged in two opposite rows or radially
pantonematic
pantonematic flagellum with a terminal fibril
pantocronematic
mastigonemes develop only on one side of flagellum
stichonematic
grouped into grana
thylakoids
centers of carbon dioxide fixation within chloroplasts of algae
pyrenoids
not membrane bound organelles, but specialized areas of the plastid that contain high levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
pyrenoids
pigments are bounded in organelles called
plastids
colorless plastids
leucoplasts
colored plastids, contain chlorophyll a and b
chromoplasts
contain only chlorophyll a
chromatophores
type of pigments in algae
chlorophylls
xanthophylls
carotenes
phycobillins
yellow brown, present in Chlorophyceae and pheophyceae
xanthophylls
present in most algae
B carotene
water soluble red (phycoerythrin) and blue (phycocyanin) confied to Rhodophyceae
phycobilins
obtain carbon dioxide and water by diffusion and osmosis
aquatic algae
obtain water from damp substratum and carbon dioxide from air
aerial algae
food reserves seen in two algal divisions (chlorophyta and charophyta)
true starch
food reserve in rhodophyta
floridean starch
food reserve in brown algae
laminarin
food reserve in euglenoids
paramylon
food reserve peculiar to xanthophyte, bacillariophyta, and chrysophyta
leucosin
– occur as reserved food in appreciable amounts in the cells of xanthophyte, bacillariophyta, and chrysophyta
fats
reproduce both sexually and asexually (most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress
algae
asexual reproduction of algae include what
mitosis
sexual reproduction of algae include
meiosis
zoospores
pilius and minus gametes
zygospores
process where part of the filament breaks off from the rest and forms a new one
vegetative cell division/fragmentation
both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology
isogamy
gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size, one gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one
anisogamy
gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated gamete (egg)
oogamy
both gametes produced by same individual
monoecious
– male and female gametes are produced by different individuals
diecious
gametes from one individual can fuse (self-fertile)
homothallic
gametes from one individual cannot fuse (self-sterile
heterothallic
special type of reproduction, the entire cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are transported passively between two cells taking part in sexual reproduction
conjugation
release flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium
antheridium
houses the zygote which is a diploid spore
oogonium
species of red algae, most are marine
phylum rhodophycophyta
Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters
rhodophycophyta
Contain chlorophyll a and rarely d as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can
penetrate deep into the water
Have cells coated in carrageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and some cheeses
rhodophycophyta
Red algae gelidium from which agar is made
rhodophycophyta
nori used to wrap uncooked fish and other food items
porphyra
epiphyte on eel and surf grass
smithora naiadum
yellow green algae, walls with cellulose and pectin
xantophycophyta
➢Chlorophylls a, c and rarely e are present
➢Chrysolaminarin – cellular storage product
➢Unequal flagella
➢A. reproduction by cell division and fragmentation
➢Vaucheria is known member
xantophycophyta
golden algae, predominately flagellates some are ameboid
chrysophycophyta
➢Chlorophyll a and c are present
➢Reserve food as chrysolaminarin and their frequent incorporation of silica
➢Characteristic color due to masking of their chlorophyl by brown pigments
➢Reproduction is commonly asexual but at times isogamous
chrysophycophyta
brown algae, mostly marine and include seaweed
phaeophycophyta
➢All are multicellular and large
➢Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe, and blade
➢Chlorophyll a and c are present
➢Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
➢Many of them have holdfast and air bladders which give them buoyancy
phaeophycophyta
diatoms, provide abundant food supply for aquatic animals
what phylum
Bacillariophycophyta
➢Chlorophyll a and c are present
➢Shells of diatoms are called frustules
➢Deposits of these shells from centuries of growth are called diatomite or diatomaceous earth
Bacillariophycophyta
unicellular and motile by means of flagella
➢Chlorophyll a and b present
➢1000 species of euglenoids
➢Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics
➢Have contractile vacuoles and fibrils
➢Carry out photosynthesis in chloroplast and is facultatively autotrophic
➢Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission
➢Dormant cyst are formed
euglenophycophyta
green algae, contain one chloroplast per cell which contains pyrenoids
chlorophycophyta
➢Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids and store food as starch
➢Both have walls made of cellulose
➢Reproduction by asexual methods or isogamous and
chlorophycophyta
biflagellate organisms, cells are slipper shaped and flattened occur singly
cryptophycophyta
➢Some with cellulose wall others naked
➢1 or 2 plastids with or without pyrenoids
➢Reproduction by longitudinal cell division or by zoospores or cysts
cryptophycophyta
flagella are inserted in the girdle and arranged with one encircling the cell and other trailing
which algae?
pyrrophycophyta
➢Many are covered only by plasmalemma and in some there is a wall made of cellulose
➢Some have a series of cellulose plates within plasmalemma termed thecal plates
➢Dianoflagellates a diverse group of biflagellated unicellular organisms present
phyrrophycophyta
Used as gelling agents in medicine and technology
phycocolloids
algae blooms occur when too much nitrogen and phosphorus enters a waterway
indication of pollution
___ are ideally suited for water quality assessment because they have rapid reproduction rates and very short life cycles, making them valuable indicators of short-term impacts
algae
filters water by moving water rapidly over a rough, highly illuminated surface, which causes algae to start growing in large amounts
algae water
can be used to treat goiter; reduce fever, ease pain, induce urination
ulva
can be used to treat urinary diseases, treat edema
codium
– can be used to treat cervical lymphadenitis, edema
sargassum
can be used to treat goiter, bronchitis, tonsilitis, and cough
porphyra
laxative; can be used to treat tracheitis, gastrid diseases and hemorrhoids, can be used to extract agarnishes inflammation, reduces fever
gelidium
produed by a unicellular algae in plankton act as extracellular inhibitors its shown by chemical analysis
acrycliacid
Algae include (6)
➢
Euglenoids
➢
Dinoflagellates
➢
Diatoms
➢
Brown algae
➢
Red algae
➢
Green algae
behaves both autotrophically as well as heterotrophically
euglenoids
2nd major group of protist, involve the formation of red tides
dinoflagellates
major producers in aquatic (marine and fresh water) life
diatoms
➢
Play important role in marine food chains
➢
They have beautiful patterns and contains two shells
diatoms
kelps (largest brown algae) e.g. laminaria
brown algae
help in formation of coral reefs along with coral animals (ex. Polysiphonia
red algae
Chlamydomonas (unicellular), dermis (two cells with two halves), volvox (colonial), spirogyra (filamentous), ulva (sheet-like), chlorella
green algae
unicellular green algae
chlamydomonas
colonial green algae
volvox
filamentous green algae
spirogyra
sheet-like green algae
ulva
sheet-like body and also called as sea lettuce
ulva
has the essential nutrients that human body needs and also very important for research use
chlorella
not considered as cell wall but provides rigidity and strength that membrane cannot offer
pellicle
Exterior covering of euglenoids and outer protenaceous covering that protects the cytoplasm
pellicle
Enables flexibility while maintaining the organism’s form
pellicle
– flagella lying in this part allow manuverability and forward movement
cingulum
flagella in this part propel the cell forward
sulcus
sudden increase or buildup of algae that results in the discoloration of water system occurring in freshwater, marine, and brackish habitats
algal broom
specific type of hazardous algal bloom that causes discoloration of coastal waters, generally turning them red or brown
red tide
Created by microorganisms including phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates and diatoms
red tide
most distinguishing feature is its arms and horns, which vary in shape and size depending on the species
ceratium
affected by temperature and salinity of surrounding environment
ceratium
green algae found in fresh water, marine settings, and soil
chlamydomonas
➢
Flagella is of even length
➢
Chloroplast contains green pigments
➢
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
chlamydomonas
lagellate eukaryote that may be found in freshwater and saltwater
euglena
➢
Two flagella of uneven length
➢
Has chloroplasts that contain green, yellow, brown pigments
➢
Reproduce only asexually
euglena
common name of chlorophyta
green algae
morphology of chlorophyta
uni,multi, or both?
single, multi, filament, colony, or all?1
both
all
pigments of chlorophyta
A and B
representative of chlorophyta
chlamydomonas reinhandtii
carbon reserve material of chlorophyta
staarch
cell wall of chlorophyta is made up of
cellulose
major habitats of chlorohpyta
a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds
A
common name of euglenophyta
eugneloids
morphology of eugnelophyta
unicellular, flagellated
pigments of euglenophyta
chlorophyll a and b
carbon reserve material of euglenophyta
paramylon
cell wall of euglenophyta
pellicle
major habitat of euglenophyta
a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds
B
common name of dinoflagellate
dinoflagellate
morphology of dinoflagellate
unicellular
two dissimilar flagella
amphiesma covering, thecal cellulose plates
pigment of dinoflagellate
chlorophyll c, beta carotene, xanthophyll
representative organism of dinoflagellate
gonyaulax
carbon reserve of dinoflagellate
starch,starch-like compound, oil
cell wall of dinoflagellate
theca
where does dinoflagellates reside
a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds
C
common name for chrysophyta
golden algae
morphology of chrysophyta
unicellular
heterokont flagella
endogenous silified stomatocysts
pigment of chrysophyta
C. A and C
carotenoid
fucoxanthin
carotenoid diadinoxanthin
representative of chrysophyta
chrysophyceae
carbon reserve of chrysophyta
oil
chyrsolaminarin
cell wall of chrysophyta
cellulose (w/ silica)
chrysophyta
a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds
D
nonvascular plants, during the early evolution of land plants, three major monophyletic lineages diverged before vascular plants called ____
bryophytes
bryophytes include (3)
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
Small autotrophic organisms that become adapted to terrestrial existence
bryophytes
Differ from vascular plants in lacking true vascular tissue and in having the gametophyte as the dominant, photosynthetic, persistent, and free-living phase of life cycle
bryophyte
in bryophyte, what is more dominant,
sporophyte or gametophyte
gametophyte
Green, have rhizoids (root-like structures), and may have stem-like and leaf-like part
what group of plant
bryophyte
Lack true vascular tissue for water and food distribution and are consequently restricted to moist habitats
what group of plant
bryophyte
Plant body (thallus) may be dorsoventrally flattened and bilaterally symmetrical or radially
what group of plant
bryophyte
bilaterally symmetrical which type of bryophyte
liverworts
radially symmetrical, which bryophyte
mosses
Require water for fertilization, but their reproductive organs, unlike algae, are multicellular – the archegonium (female) and antheridium (male)
which group of plants
bryophyte
male parts of bryophyte
antheridium
female parts of bryophyte
archegonium
Have pronounced alternation of generation cycle, in which gametophyte is the more conspicuous
and self-sustaining plant
bryophyte
Sporophyte is small, often ephemeral, and dependent on the gametophyte for its food and water
which group of plant
bryophyte
traditionally called hepaticae, are one of the monophyletic group that are descendants of some of the first land plants
liverwort
traditional term for liverwort
hepaticae
Minor components of the land plant flora, growing mostly in moist, shaded areas
liverworts
Apomorphies of this monophyletic group are:
Distinctive oil bodies
Specialized structures called elaters
Elongate non-sporogenous cells with spiral wall thickenings found inside the sporangium and function in spore dispersal
liverworts
Two basic morphological types of liverwort gametophytes:
thalloid
leafy
consist of a thallus, a flattened mass of tissue
which morphological type of bryophyte
thalloid
Gametophyte bear rhizoids, uniseriate, filamentous process that function in anchorage and
absorption
which type morphological type of bryohpyte
thalloid
contain propagules called gemmae, function in vegetative (asexual) reproduction; when a droplet of water falls into this, the gemmae themselves may be dispersed some distance away, growing into a haploid genetic clone of the parent
gemma cups
have gametohpytes consisting of a stem axis bearing three rows of thin leaves (liverwort)
leafy liverwort
Stem is prostrate and leaves are modified such that the upper two rows of leaves are larger and the lowermost row is reduced
type of liverwort?
leafy liverwort
peltate structures bearing antheridia
antheridiophores
part where sperm is released in an antheridiopore
antheridium
bears archegonia
archegoniophores
Zygote divides ___ and eventually differentiate into a diploid (2n) embryo, which matures in a diploid (2n) _____ after fertilization
mitotically
sporophyte
Internal cells divide ____ , forming haploid (n) spores
meiotically
Spores are released by a splitting of capsule into ___ valves (how many?)
4
Spores may land on a substrate, germinate, and grow into a new ____ , completing the life cycle
gametophyte
also known as anthocerotae, is a monophyletic group comprising a second major lineage of land plants
hornworts
Have stomates consisting of two chloroplast-containing cells, guard cells
which type of bryophyte
hornworts
Similar to thalloid liverworts in gametophyte morphology and found in similar habitats
hornworts
➢Has pores (liverworts do not)
➢Have symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, which lives in the cavities of the thallus
➢Basic life cycle is similar to liverworts and mosses but the sporophyte is unique in being elongate, cylindrical, and photosynthetic
hornworts
hornworts is also known as ___
anthocerotae
indeterminate growth, via a basal, intercalary meristem
which shape of sporophyte
cylindrical sporophyte
or musci, are by far the most speciose and diverse of three major groups of nonvascular land plants and inhabit a number of ecological ncihes
mosses
mosses are also known as what
musci
➢Share apomorphies with vascular plants
➢ one apomorphy is the elongate, aerial sporophyte axis
mosses
specialized conductive cells in mosses which function in water conduction
hyroids
function in sugar conduction in mosses
leptoids
thick outer layer of spores of mosses
perine
part of mosses that are always leafy, with a variable number of leaf ranks or rows
gametophyte
are mostly quite small and thin but have a central costa, composed of conductive cells, that resembles a true vein
mosses leaves
are usually produced at the apex of gametophytic stems in mossess
what reproductive part
antheridia, archegonia
apical archegonial tissue which functions in protecting the young sporophyte apex
calyptra
long stick of the sporophyte at the apex of which is born the sporangium or capsule.
stipe
lid falls off the capsule apex when spore is released
operculum
in mosses like the elaters of liverworts, are hygroscopic. As the capsule dries up, the ______ ______ retract, effecting the release of the spores.
peristome teeth
filamentous structure of mosses that resulted from initial development of gametophyte
protonema
represents an ancestral vestige, resembling a filamentous green “alga
protonema
also known as peat moss, contains numerous species
sphagnum
➢grow in wet bogs and chemically modifies its environment by making the surrounding water acidic
➢ leaves are unusual in having two cell types: chlorophyllous cells, which form a network, and large clear hyaline cells having characteristic pores and helical thickenings
➢ pores give remarkable properties of water absorption and retention, making it quite valuable horticulturally in the potting mixture
➢ peat is fossilized and partially decomposed sphagnum and is mined for used in potting mixtures and as an important fuel source in some parts of the world
what type of moss
sphagnum
derived from a Greek word ‘BRYON’ means mosses and ‘phyca’ means plant
bryophyte
➢oldest land plants on earth and have been around for 400 million years or more
➢do not have vascular tissues for support and transport of water and nutrients
➢ lack leaves, but have leaf-like scales that contain chloroplast in which photosynthesis occurs
➢ lack true roots, anchor themselves in the soil through rhizoids
bryophyte
multicellular filaments of thin-walled cells that extend from the photosynthetic tissue into the soil
rhizoids
➢usually small and ground hugging, most measure between 2 to 4 inches
➢lack true stems
➢amphibians of plant kingdom, need water for fertilization
➢lived in moist places and humid environment
bryophyte
plant body, not differentiated into root, stem, leaf
thallus
three parts of sporophyte
foot
seta
capsule
class of bryophytes (3)
musci
hepaticae
anthocerotae
class of bryopthtes where body is usually leafy-like, prefer damp, shaed locations in temperate zone
musci
arose because of the lobes of the thallus resemble the lobes of the liver, many have a flattened body called thallus, but some have a leafy appearance
hepaticae
sporophytes look like small green broom hancles, unique among bryophyte
anthocerotae
have cells that contain only a single chloroplast
class of bryophytes?
anthocerotae
what is used in spore dispersal by liverworts
elaters
gametophyte of liverworts is in what form
thalloid
leafy
characteristic of seta of liverworts
parenchymatous
grow closer to the ground with huge, flat, rubbery leaves that hug the surface
liverworts
spore dispersal tool of hornworts
pseudoelaters
gametophyte form of hornworts
thalloid
characteristic of seta of hornwort
no seta
have irregular forms
gametophyte stages are often blue-green in hue
produce slime in between cells
what type of bryophyta
hornwort
tool of mosses in spore dispersal
peristome
gametophyte form of mosses
leafy
seta characteristic of moss
parenchyma cells, stereids, well-developed strand
thread-like rhizoids, small, leafy arrangements, transportation system for gas exchange and transfer of other products and water
which bryophytes?
mosses
completed the conquest of earth’s surface begun by the more primitive bryophytes
tracheophytes
➢evolved by complex vascular tissues
➢have a well-developed root-shoot system, with highly specialized roots, stems, leaves, and specialized vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) that function like miniature tubes to conduct
food, water, and nutrients
throughout the plant
tracheophytes
non-seed tracheophytes
fern allies
becomes the dominant stage in tracheopytes
diploid sporophyte
tiny, may either be autotrophic or heterotrophic in tracheophytes
gametophyte
➢is generally free living and independent of the parental sporophyte
➢Unlike the vascular sporophytes,
gametophyte
Unlike the vascular sporophytes, the gametophytes (have/have no)
vascular tissue at all.
have no
possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) however xylem lacks vessels
ferns and allies
water transport cells in ferns
tracheids
Gametes are produced in ____ (eggs) and ___ (sperm)
archegonia
antheridium
Spores are produced in _____ , these do not produce seeds
sporangia
sporangium with single layer of cells
leptosporangiate ferns
sporangium with single layer of cells
which type of fern
polypodiophyta
have sporangia with multiple cell layers
eusporangiate ferns and allies
example of eusporangiate ferns and allies
lycopodiophyte
psilophyta
equisetophyta
Sporophyte phase – ____ , gametophyte – ______ in ferns
sporo - dominant
gameto - reduced
4 divisions of ferns and allies
lycopodiophyta
equisetophyta
psilotophyta
polypodiophyta or pteridophyte
lycopodiophyta families
lycopodiaceae
selaginellaceae
isoeteaceae
also known as club mosses
lycopodiaceae
known as spike mosses
selaginellaceae
known as quillworts
isoteaceae
also called ground pine, consist of 400 species of seedless vascular plants
club moss
➢With branching rhizome (horizontal stems) sends up aerial stem less than 30 cm tall
➢With tightly packed, scale-like leaves known as microphylls
type of lycopodiophyta?
club moss
surface of leaves where sporangia occur
sporophyll
sporophylls are grouped into club shaped cones called what
strobili
club moss is what (homosporous/hetersporous)/
homosporous
approximately 700 species, species of selaginella occurring in two vegetative forms
spike moss
only one shape, spirally arranged vegetative leaves
isomorphic
prostrate, leaves of two forms in four rows: two lateral or larger leaves and two upper or dorsal row of smaller leaves
dimorphic
sporophylls bear enlarged microsporangia and megasporangia on the upper side of sheathing bease
quillwort
mircosporophylls that are usually located in inner to the
megasporophylls
male or female sporophylls?
male sporophylls
megasporophylls
male or female
female
with one family, equisetaceae, also knopwn as scouring rush or horsetail family
equisetophyta
equisetophyta Remaining species is the genus
equisetum
➢Erect, homosporous
➢Herbs with hollow, jointed, fluted salicaceous stems
➢Leaves reduced to whorled scales at the nodes
➢Sporangia borne in terminal strobili, spores containing chlorophyll
equisetophyta
with one family, psilotaceae, whisk fern family
psilotophyta
➢Herbaceous, dichotomously branched
➢Stems develop from rhizome
➢Rhizome has rhizoids (mutualistic mycorrhizal fungus)
➢Homosporous, sporangia which are located at the ends of short of branches
➢Lateral on stem are tiny scales fork a pair of scales
psilotophyta
true ferns, second largest division of the plant kingdom
polypodiophyta
➢more than 12,000 species of ferns live today
➢a fern sporophyte consist of a stem, which is often called rhizome
polypodiophyta
large conspicuous leaves are termed as fronds or what
megaphyll
divided into leaflets or pinna and pinnules
fronds
5 families of polypodiophyta/pteridophyte:
ophioglossaceae
osmundaceae
polypodiaceae
marsiliaceae
salviniaceae
“grape fern family”
ophiogolossaceae
cinnamon fern family”
osmundaceae
fern family
polypodiaceae
water clover fern family
marsiliaceae
water fern family”
salviniaceae
has leaf that is finely divided into small parts, root, underground stem
fern
groups of sporangia (spore-producing organs)
sori
young leaf that is rolled together
circinate
➢roots, feathery leaves, and underground stems
➢vascular tissues
➢spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction
➢damp and shady places
ferns
also known as vascular plants, share a monophyletic groups of land plants
tracheophyta
apomorphies:
➢lignified secondary cell walls with pits in certain specialized cells
➢endodermis
➢independent, long-lived sporophyte
tracheophyta
specialized cell that function in structural support in vascular plants
sclerenchyma
cells of xylem tissue
tracheary elements
cells of phloem tissue
sieve elements
also known as fern and fern allies composed of lycopodiophytes, psilotophytes, equisetophytes, and leptosporangiate ferns
pteridophytes
➢diverse and ancient lineages that do not form a monophyetic group, and will be referred to as “free-sporing tracheophytes”
pteridophytes
lineage of plants that diverged after the rhyniophytes (fossil fern allies)
lycopodiophyta
➢apomorphies include the primary roots of lycophytes that have an endarch protoxylem
➢protoxylem – refer to the first tracheary cells that develop within a patch of xylem and that are typically smaller and have thinner cell walls than the later formed metaxylem
➢in their roots, the protoxylem forms a posterior interior to the metaxylem
lycopodiophyta
– its stem have an exarch protoxylem
lycophytes
sporophytic structure of lycophytes
lycophyll
➢characterized having an intercalary meristem and lacking a gap in the vasculature of the stem
➢have a single, unbranched vein
➢may have evolved from small appendages (called enations) which may resemble lycophyll but lack vasculature
➢formed by the innervation of vascular tissue from the stem into the enation and flattening of this structure into a dorsoventral planar posture
lycophyll
small, nonwoody, herbaceous plants grouped into three: lycopodiaceae, selaginellaceae, isotaceae
lycophytes
include 380 species, which are commonly called club-mosses, are distinguished in having one type of spore, a condition known as homospory
➢diphasiastrum
➢huperzia
➢lycopodiella
➢lycopodium
➢phylloglossum
lycopodiaceae
sporangia of lycopodiaceae, develops laterally in the axils of specialized leaves called ___
sporophylls
➢similar to the vegetative leaves and co-occur with them on shoots that are indeterminate, i.e. with continuous growth
sporophylls
contain approximately 700 species in a single genus, commonly known as spike-moss
selaginella
two vegetative forms of selaginella include:
isomoprhic
dimorphic
spirally arranged of only one size and shape
isomorphic
prostrate, arranged in four rows: two lateral rows of larger leaves and two upper, or dorsal, rows of smaller leaves
dimorphic
terrestrial, herbaceous, and perennial plants under 2cm tall
spikemoss
➢ roots dichotomously branching
➢rhizopores produced from the stem, dichotomously branching
➢stems are erect or creeping
spike moss
commonly known as quillworts, wherein the sporophylls bear enlarged microsporangia on the upper side of the sheathing base
isotaceae
one species of isotaceae existing in the philipines, endangered and found in Mindanao
isoetes philippinensis
sister groups of lycophytes, including all other vascular plants
euphyllophytes
➢two major apomorphies that unite them are roots that have an exarch protoxylem, in which protoxylem is placed outer to metaxylem and leaves are euphyllous, growing either marginal or apical meristems and have associated leaf gap
➢composed of two major sister groups: monilophytes and spermatophytes
euphyllophytes
ferns in the broad sense
monilophytes
seed plants
spermatophytes
inclusive of five major lineages: equistales (horsetails), marattiales (marattoid ferns), ophioglossales ophioglossoid ferns),
psilotales (whisk ferns), and polypodiales (leptosporangiate ferns)
monilophytes
horestails
equistales
marattoid ferns
marattiales
ophioglossoid ferns
ophioglossales
whisk ferns
wpsilotales
leptosporangiate ferns
polypodiales
➢stem is mesarch in position, meaning that treachery elements first mature near the middle of a patch of a xylem
➢protoxylem is restricted to the lobes of the xylem
monilophytes
ferns consist of a few genera of fernlike plants, unique that in each leaf consist of a sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic blade or lamina
ophioglossales
grape fern or moonwort
botrychium
adder’s tongue
ophioglossum
have divided compound lamina and branched fertile segment
botrychium helmintostachys
simple undivided lamina, and unbranched fertile segment
ophioglossum
relatively large derived from several epidermal cells, and has a sporangial wall comprised of more than one cell layer
eusporangia
commonly known as whisk ferns, consist of two genera of plants, Psilotum and tmesipteris
psilates or psilophytes
independent, dominant, free-living sporophyte
absent of roots in the psilophytes has often been considered to be a primitive retention
➢
haploid gametophyte is small, obscure, and free-living in or on the soil
psilates
consist of horizontal rhizome that gives rise to aerial, photosynthetic, generally dichotomously branching stems
sporophyte
known as whisk broom, the most widespread species of ppsilophytes, one that commonly serves as an exemplar for the group
psilotum nudum
known as equisetophytes, sphenophytes, or sphenopsids, are a monophyletic group that diverged early in the evolution of vascular plants
equisetales
tip of some aerial stems containing the sporangia, which are pendant from stalk, or peltate structure called sporangiophore
strobili
four or more unusual appendages that are hygroscopic and uncurl from the spore body upon
drying, aiding in spore dispersal
elaters
group of about six genera and have traditionally been called ferns
marattiales
➢Similar to the polypodiales or leptosporangiate ferns in general form, having large pinnate or bipinnate leaves with circinate venation, sporangia located on the abaxial surface of leaflet blades, and a photosynthetic gametophyte
mariattales
occur in botanical garden, species locally known as pakong kalabaw
angipteris palmiformis
this is the common genera are Marattia and Angiopteris
giant fern
– known as Filicales or pteridales correspond to what are commonly known as leptosporangiate ferns
polypodiales
➢
Contain by far the greatest diversity, with more than 11,000 species
➢
Have horizontal stem, the rhizome which is usually underground but may sprawl at ground level
polypodiales
immature leaves of polypodiales, type of developmental morphology is called circinate vernation
fiddleheads
leaf itself
frond
petiole, the first discreet leaflets or blade divisions of a fern leaf (pinnae)
stipe
ultimate leaflets or blade divisions
pinnules
primary apomorphy of polypodiales, are unique among vascular plants:
1.
Developing from a single cell
2.
Having a single layer of cells making up the sporangium wall
leptosporangium
aggregation of leptosporangia often aggregated
sori
may or may not be covered by a flap of tissue
indusium
row of specialized cells on the outer rim of the leptosporangium
annulus
