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Systematic Biology > Ferns, Nonvascular, Protists > Flashcards

Ferns, Nonvascular, Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

some members of these are unicellular, other colonial, and others are multicellular

A

protista

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2
Q

Kingdom protista is group based on (3)

A

protozoans
algae
slime mods and water molds

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3
Q

animal-like protist

A

protozoans

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4
Q

plant-like protists

A

algae

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5
Q

fungi-like protists

A

slime molds and water molsd

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6
Q

in terms of nutrition, some protists are: (3)

A

heterotrophs
autotrophs
mixotrophic

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7
Q

ingestive as Protozoa and absorptive as fungus-like

what type of nutrition

A

heterotrophs

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8
Q

are algae heterotrophs, autotrophs, or mixotrophs

A

autotrophs

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9
Q

(both autotroph and heterotroph, as Euglena viridis)

A

mixotrophic

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10
Q

most of protists are these, but some are sessile

A

motile

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11
Q

contain chlorophyll and some are unicellular while others are colonial and multicellular

A

algae

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12
Q

algae that are with similar cells with similar or generalized functions

A

colonial

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13
Q

algae that have a body composed of a variety of cells with specific functions

A

multicellular

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14
Q

algal protists include (6)

A

euglenophyta
chlorophyta
phaeophyta
dinoflagellate
rhodophyta
chrysophyta

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15
Q

under the 8-kingdom system split into three kingdoms based on divergence

A

protista

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16
Q

protista having no mitochondria

A

archaezoa

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17
Q

algae type of protista

A

chromista

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18
Q

under the three-domain system, this is under domain eukarya which is spread to 5 kingdom

A

protista

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19
Q

5 kingdom under protista

A

archaezoa
euglenozoan
alveolata
stramenopila
rhodophyta

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20
Q

relatively simple eukaryotic photoautotrophs that lack the tissues (roots, stem, and leaves) of plants

A

algae

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21
Q

algae are mostly found in the ___

A

ocean

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22
Q

Location depend on the availability of appropriate nutrients, wavelengths of lights, and surfaces on which to grow

A

algae

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23
Q

necessary for physical support, reproduction, and diffusion of nutrients of algae

A

water

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24
Q

algae appear in three types

A

unicellular
filamentous
thalli

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25
Q

elaborately differentiated cells with one or two flagella that are used for locomotion

A

euglenoids

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26
Q

➢ approx. 800 known species such as Euglena live in freshwater
➢ some have a light detector near the base of one of their flagella
➢ swim toward diffuse light and away from bright light, which could overheat them
➢ some are strictly not photosynthetic, some lack chloroplast and not photosynthetic at all

A

euglenoids

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27
Q

supporting structure beneath a euglenoid’s plasma membrane

A

pellicle

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28
Q

composed of helical bands of protein connected to the ER by microtubules

A

pellicle

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29
Q

euglenoids share with phylum chlorophyta with these in their chloroplast

A

chlorophyll a and b

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30
Q

aside from chloroplasts, euglenoids have these that manufacture paramylon

A

pyrenoids

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31
Q

glucose polymer that is used to store food in euglenoids

A

paramylon

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32
Q

granules of these are distributed throughout the cytoplasm

A

paramylon

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33
Q

all euglenoids have the ability to absorb this specific organic molecule through photosynthesis (autotrophy) and can absorb or ingest organic molecules (heterotrophy)

A

acetate

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34
Q

term where organisms can exhibit autotrophy and heterotrophy

A

mixotrophs

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35
Q

gives many euglenoids the ability to survive in environments when light is available but food is scarce, or vice versa

A

mixotrophy

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36
Q

representative genus of euglenophyta which is elongated and bounded by a plasma membrane

A

euglena

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37
Q

several chloroplast contain chlorophyll a and b together with carotenoids

what organism

A

euglena

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38
Q

this part of the euglena is located near an anterior reservoir

A

stigma

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39
Q

located near the anterior reservoir continuously collects water from the cell and empties it to the reservoir, thus
regulating the osmotic pressure within the organism

A

contractile vacuole

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40
Q

part of the reservoir where two flagella arise, although one arises from the canal and actively beats to move the cell

A

base

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41
Q

method of reproduction in euglenoids

A

longitudinal mitotic division

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42
Q

important
components of marine and
phytoplankton

A

dinoflagellates

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43
Q

➢unicellular, photosynthetic alveolate algae

➢about 3,000 species, with a characteristic shape wherein it is determined by hard cellulose plates located in
vesicles beneath the plasma
membrane

➢ have two flagella, but the flagella are unique in that they lie within two grooves-one traverse (cingulum) and longitudinal (sulcus) in the plates

A

dinoflagellates

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44
Q

groove that runs from center to the posterior end of the theca

A

sulcus

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45
Q

groove that runs around the equator of the organism

A

cingulum

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46
Q

part of the cell above the cingulum

A

epitheca

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47
Q

part of the cell below the epitheca

A

hypotheca

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48
Q

each flagella emerges from its own ____

A

flagellar pore

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49
Q

photosynthetic dinoflagellates that that live symbiotically with sponges, sea corals, sea anemones, mollusks, and other animals

A

zooxanthellae

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50
Q

lethal compound that dinoflagellates synthesize, produced by dinoflagellate Gonyaulax

A

saxitoxin

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51
Q

block sodium ion channels in the plasma membrane of nerve cells, thereby preventing the cells from
generating nerve impulses

A

saxitoxin

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52
Q

ingested by filter feeding mollusk (clams, oysters, scallops, and muscles) without getting injured

A

gonyaulax

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53
Q

people who eat toxic-laden mollusk may suffer from this, a condition that begins with tingling sensations in the mouth and face and is followed by
paralysis that spreads throughout the body and death occurring in 12 hours, no antidote for saxitoxin exists

A

paralytic shellfish poisoning

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54
Q

like an armoured knight, measuring approximately a quarter of a millimeter

A

gonyaulax

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55
Q

during the motile stage of gonyaulax, it is surrounded by this

A

cellulose theca or amphiesma

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56
Q

has two flagella, the morphological characteristic that inspired the name “dinoflagellate”

A

gonyaulax

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57
Q

Greek for whirling

A

dinos

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58
Q

latin for whip

A

flagellum

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59
Q

easily identifiable because of their unique shape, covered with an armor-like cell wall made up of polysaccharide

A

ceratium species

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60
Q

➢most contain chloroplasts, while certain species are bioluminescent
➢under adverse conditions, they are able to encyst themselves as a form of protection
➢ are mixotrophs, obtaining food through photosynthesis and phagocytosis

A

ceratium species

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61
Q

reproduction in ceratium but its counterpart is also possible (under adverse conditions)

A

asexual reproduction

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62
Q

has a single, apical horn in the ceratum species

A

ceratium monoceras

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63
Q

part of the ceratium that help it float, but prevent them from moiving quickly

A

arm

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64
Q

another important feature in ceratium (minicircles)

A

plasmids

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65
Q

division that is quite diversified with respect to pigment composition, cell wall, and type of flagellated cells

A

chrysophyta

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66
Q

chrysophyta is divided into what (3)

A

golden brown algae
yellow green algae
diatoms

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67
Q

chrysos means what

A

gold

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68
Q

Major photosynthetic pigments are usually chlorophylls a and c1/c2 and the carotenoid fucoxanthin

what division

A

chrysophyta

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69
Q

➢ Also seen as solitary cells with a green-brown color
➢ Size ranges from 38-53 μm long and 33-45 μm wide
➢ Cells are circular to squarish in shape, with many rounded organelles within them
➢ Only known unarmored dinoflagellate that produces toxins responsible for PSP
➢ Cysts – this part of G. catenatum are brown, spherical and range in size from 45-50μm in diameter

A

chrysophyta

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70
Q

when this is the dominant pigment, the cells have a golden brown color

A

fucoxanthin

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71
Q

major carbohydrate reserve of chrysophyta

A

chrysolaminarin

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72
Q

➢ Some lack cell walls other have intricately patterned coverings external to the plasma membrane such as scales, walls, and plates
➢ Two anteriorly attached flagella of unequal length are common among them, but some have noflagella, and
others have either one flagellum or two that are of equal length
➢ Reproduction is usually asexual but occasionally sexual
➢ Most live in fresh water (although some marine forms are known)
➢ Blooms of some species produce unpleasant odors and taste in drinking water

A

chrysophyta

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73
Q

about 1,000 species of mostly planktonic freshwater and marine algae

➢ Cells usually have one large chloroplast as well as two flagella of unequal length that emerge perpendicular to each other at one and of the cell
➢ Light detector shaded by an eyespot is located at the base of short flagellum, near the end of the chloroplast
➢ Some of them are mixotrophic, and feed on bacteria and nonliving organic matter, which they draw towards the flagellar end of the cell by waving the flagella
➢ Food is ingested by phagocytosis
➢ often decrease rate of phagocytosis and the size of their chloroplast when food is plentiful

A

golden brown algae

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74
Q

➢more than 600 species of them live mostly in fresh water, although some are found in the ocean or damp soil
➢ Free-living forms are an important part of the phytoplankton, especially in fresh water and in some salt marshes
➢ Typically unicellular, but some species exists as colonies or as long filaments of cells
➢ Others are coenocytic, consisting of a single cytoplasmic mass that contains many nuclei, with no internal partitions separating the nuclei

A

yellow green algae

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75
Q

one of the two flagella that arise from opposite ends of yellow-green algae

A

tinsel flagellum

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76
Q

in addition to tinsel flagellum, a flagella that arise from the end of the yellow-green algae that is smnooth and moves the cell backward

A

whiplash flagellum

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77
Q

– known to use sexual reproduction in yellow-green algae

A

vaucheria

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78
Q

▪
Siphonaceous, coenocytic filaments that can form feltlike mats, earning it the nickname “water felt”
▪
Common algae in various freshwater habitats, on soil (forming felt-like patches), on estuarine mud, and amongst higher plants in saltmarshes
▪
Considered as a successful colonist of terrestrial habitats that are most other filamentous alae

A

vaucheria

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79
Q

marine, growing near and sometimes below the low water mark in sheltered bays in S.W. England

A

V. piloboloides

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80
Q

▪
thallus is filamentous and siphonous (thallus consisting of multinucleate, branched tubes rather than subdivided by crosswalls into normal cells)
▪
central part of the filament is occupied by a large vacuole, the chloroplast consequently parietal (i.e. layered adjacent to the cell wall) and tending to be aligned to the filament axis
▪
cytoplasm and nutrients can be streamed to the filament, unimpended by cross walls, allowing algae to survive when part of the thallus is buried by silt in seamarshes or when subjected to partial dessication on a soil surface

A

v. piloboloides

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81
Q

occur in fresh water and salt water and in moist vegetation on land

A

diatoms

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82
Q

➢
found most commonly in cool or cold regions, including around and even in sea ice
➢
some species live attached to a substrate, but most are free swimming, and along with dinoflagellates, are major constituents of the phytoplankton which make them the most important ultimate source of food for fish and other marine animals

A

diatoms

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83
Q

may be responsible for one quarter of Earth’s photosynthesis

which type of diatoms

A

planktomic

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84
Q

➢
have existed for about 250 million years, and more than 5,600 species have been identified
➢
growth is highly dependent on the presence of sufficient dissolved silica in the water
➢
usually do best in a strong current, which ensures continuous supply of silica
➢
remain buoyant by storing oil, because the accumulation of silica in their frustules gives them a density two and a half times denser of sweater
➢
during the day, density may vary by producing or using oil and thus their vertical position in the water column
➢
can produce mainly asexually by mitosis with each daughter cell inheriting one half of the parental cell’s frustule and manufactures the missing half
➢
sexual reproduction occurs when cells reach a certain minimum size undergoing meiosis and producing either eggs or sperm
➢
fertilization – results in the formation of a zygote, which enlarges, manufactures a new frustule, and develops into a full-sized diatom
➢
The frustules of most dead diatoms dissolve, but those that do not dissolve fall to the bottom of the oceans or lakes and fossilize. Because of their silica content, frustules make extremely good fossils

A

diatoms

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85
Q

is used as an active ingredient in many commercial preparations, including detergents, fine abrasive polishes, pain removers,
decolorizing and deodorizing oils, and fertilizers

A

diatomaceous earth

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86
Q

is also used extensibly as a filtering agent for liquids in the manufacture of sugar, and as insulation for blast furnaces, soundproofing products, and as an additive to paint to increase the night visibility of signs and license plates.

A

diatomaceous earth

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87
Q

some diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong chrysophyte cells and with this composed of two halves or thecae

A

frustules

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88
Q

means cut in two

A

diastomos

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89
Q

gelatinous substance secreted by diatoms from the pores, which allows movement by gliding

A

mucilage

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90
Q

also known as green algae, are an extremely varied division

A

chlorophyta

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91
Q

➢
live in freshwater, although many live in the ocean as seaweeds or part of phytoplankton
➢
some are terrestrial, growing in moist places favored by mosses and ferns or even in snow
➢
also exist in symbiotic relationship with other organisms, some lichens are association between fungi and green algae
➢
have chlorophylls a and b and store starch inside plastids as food reserve
➢
exhibit a wide diversity of body forms, ranging from unicellular to colonial, filamentous, membranous, or sheetlike and tubular types

A

chlorophyta

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92
Q

representative unicellular freshwater alga commonly found in pods of chlorophyta

A

chlamydomonas

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93
Q

➢
Each individual organism is an oval haploid cell with a glycoprotein, unlike most green algae it lacks cellulose
➢
It has two flagella of equal length at the anterior end. Its dominant feature is a single large cup-shaped chloroplast that at least partially hides the centrally located nucleus
➢
One or two roundish conspicuous pyrenoids are located in each chloroplast. Most species have a red eyespot (stigma) on the chloroplast near the base of the flagella.
➢
The cell itself is usually less than 25 micrometers, which is however more than three times larger than a human red blood cell. Each cell has two small contractile vacuoles at the base of the flagella.
➢
Reproduction may be asexual or sexual

A

chlamydomonas

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94
Q

colonial, motile organisms that represent a second major line of evolutionary specialization

A

volvox

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95
Q

▪
consists of a few hundred to a few thousand photosynthetic cells arranged in a single layer at the surface of a hollow sphere
▪
. Each cell has two flagella on the outside of the sphere. Absorption of light by the cell’s light detectors controls the beating of their flagella and directs the colony towards light.

A

volvox

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96
Q

also called watersilk, a genus of rather old filamentous freshwater green algae having watery sheaths surrounding the filaments

A

spirogyra

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97
Q

species have one or two chloroplasts in each cell, but some have as many as 16. Each chloroplast contains several pyrenoids at regular intervals throughout its length

A

spirogyra

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98
Q

centers for production of starches, appearing as small round bodies

A

pyrenoids

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99
Q

can be defined as small autotrophs that fail to show any cellular differentiation and their sex organs are unicellular and if multicellular all cells are fertile

A

algae

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100
Q

is algae photoautotrophs/heterotrophs?

A

photoautotrophs

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101
Q

habitat of algae

A

aquatic habitat

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102
Q

algae (do/do not) develop embryo after fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction

A

do not

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103
Q

algal cells are these (eukaryotic/prokaryotic)

A

eukaryotic

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104
Q
A
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104
Q

study of algae

A

phycology

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105
Q

–barrier in algae that is thin and rigid

A

cell wall

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106
Q

part of the cell that is surrounded by flexible gelatinous outer matrix

A

cell wall

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107
Q

flexible cell membrane that motile algae such as euglena possess

A

periplast

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108
Q

may occur one, two or many per cell they may be ribbon like, bar-like, net-like, or as discrete disks

which organelle

A

chloroplast

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109
Q

single cells, motile with flagellate (like Chlamydomonas and euglena) or nonmotile (like diatoms)

what type of algae

A

unicellular algae

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110
Q

➢occur in all groups except carophycae of phylum chlorophyta and pheophyta
➢rhizopodial, flagellate, spiral filamentous, nonmotile

A

unicellular algae

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111
Q

motile or nonmotile algae may form a colony by aggregation of the products of cell division with in a mucillagenous mass

A

colonial algae

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112
Q

algae wherein the colony is formed with a definite shape, size, and arrangement of cells (e.g. volvox)

A

coenobial

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113
Q

algae with irregular arrangement of cells varying in number, shape, and size (e.g. Chlamydomonas, tetraspora)

A

palmelloid

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114
Q

algae that look like microscopic tree due to the union of mucilaginous threads present at the base of

A

dendroid

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115
Q

algae where cells are united through rhizopodia (e.g. chrysidiastrum)

A

rhizopodial colony

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116
Q

daughter cells remain attached after cell division and form a cell chain

A

filaments algae

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117
Q

adjacent cells share cell wall (distinguish them from linear colonies)
➢
may be unbranched (uniseriate such as zygnema or ulthrix) or branched (regular mutiseriate such as cladophora or unregular mutiseriate such as pithophora)

A

filaments algae

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118
Q

one large multinucleate cell without cross walls such as Vaucheria

A

coenocytic

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119
Q

mostly macroscopic algae with tissue of undifferentiated cells and growth originating from a meristem with cell division in three dimension such as Ulva

A

parenchymatous

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120
Q

intermediate form occurring in dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with nuclear membrane and chromosomes) and prokaryotic characters (basic proteins are absent)

A

mesokaryotic

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121
Q

algae that do not have true cell wall but instead possess a membrane called pellicle around cytoplasm (2)

A

euglena
gymnodinium

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122
Q

pigmented spot in flagella

A

eyespot

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123
Q

pigmented spot in swimming flagella

A

stigma

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124
Q

found in all algae except rhotopyceae

A

algal flagella

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125
Q

main function of flagella

A

motility

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126
Q

flagella that possess smooth surface

A

whiplash or acronematic

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127
Q

covered by fine filamentous appendages called
mastigonemes or flimmers

A

tinsel or pleuronematic

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128
Q

tinsel is divided into three types:

A

pantonematic
pantocronematic
stichonematic

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129
Q

mastigonemes arranged in two opposite rows or radially

A

pantonematic

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130
Q

pantonematic flagellum with a terminal fibril

A

pantocronematic

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131
Q

mastigonemes develop only on one side of flagellum

A

stichonematic

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132
Q

grouped into grana

A

thylakoids

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133
Q

centers of carbon dioxide fixation within chloroplasts of algae

A

pyrenoids

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134
Q

not membrane bound organelles, but specialized areas of the plastid that contain high levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

A

pyrenoids

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135
Q

pigments are bounded in organelles called

A

plastids

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136
Q

colorless plastids

A

leucoplasts

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137
Q

colored plastids, contain chlorophyll a and b

A

chromoplasts

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138
Q

contain only chlorophyll a

A

chromatophores

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139
Q

type of pigments in algae

A

chlorophylls
xanthophylls
carotenes
phycobillins

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140
Q

yellow brown, present in Chlorophyceae and pheophyceae

A

xanthophylls

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141
Q

present in most algae

A

B carotene

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142
Q

water soluble red (phycoerythrin) and blue (phycocyanin) confied to Rhodophyceae

A

phycobilins

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143
Q

obtain carbon dioxide and water by diffusion and osmosis

A

aquatic algae

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144
Q

obtain water from damp substratum and carbon dioxide from air

A

aerial algae

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145
Q

food reserves seen in two algal divisions (chlorophyta and charophyta)

A

true starch

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146
Q

food reserve in rhodophyta

A

floridean starch

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147
Q

food reserve in brown algae

A

laminarin

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148
Q

food reserve in euglenoids

A

paramylon

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149
Q

food reserve peculiar to xanthophyte, bacillariophyta, and chrysophyta

A

leucosin

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150
Q

– occur as reserved food in appreciable amounts in the cells of xanthophyte, bacillariophyta, and chrysophyta

A

fats

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151
Q

reproduce both sexually and asexually (most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress

A

algae

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152
Q

asexual reproduction of algae include what

A

mitosis

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153
Q

sexual reproduction of algae include

A

meiosis
zoospores
pilius and minus gametes
zygospores

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154
Q

process where part of the filament breaks off from the rest and forms a new one

A

vegetative cell division/fragmentation

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155
Q

both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology

A

isogamy

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156
Q

gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size, one gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one

A

anisogamy

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157
Q

gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated gamete (egg)

A

oogamy

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158
Q

both gametes produced by same individual

A

monoecious

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159
Q

– male and female gametes are produced by different individuals

A

diecious

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160
Q

gametes from one individual can fuse (self-fertile)

A

homothallic

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161
Q

gametes from one individual cannot fuse (self-sterile

A

heterothallic

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162
Q

special type of reproduction, the entire cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are transported passively between two cells taking part in sexual reproduction

A

conjugation

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163
Q

release flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium

A

antheridium

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164
Q

houses the zygote which is a diploid spore

A

oogonium

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165
Q

species of red algae, most are marine

A

phylum rhodophycophyta

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166
Q

Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters

A

rhodophycophyta

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167
Q

Contain chlorophyll a and rarely d as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can
penetrate deep into the water

Have cells coated in carrageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and some cheeses

A

rhodophycophyta

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168
Q

Red algae gelidium from which agar is made

A

rhodophycophyta

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169
Q

nori used to wrap uncooked fish and other food items

A

porphyra

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170
Q

epiphyte on eel and surf grass

A

smithora naiadum

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171
Q

yellow green algae, walls with cellulose and pectin

A

xantophycophyta

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172
Q

➢Chlorophylls a, c and rarely e are present
➢Chrysolaminarin – cellular storage product
➢Unequal flagella
➢A. reproduction by cell division and fragmentation
➢Vaucheria is known member

A

xantophycophyta

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173
Q

golden algae, predominately flagellates some are ameboid

A

chrysophycophyta

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174
Q

➢Chlorophyll a and c are present
➢Reserve food as chrysolaminarin and their frequent incorporation of silica
➢Characteristic color due to masking of their chlorophyl by brown pigments
➢Reproduction is commonly asexual but at times isogamous

A

chrysophycophyta

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175
Q

brown algae, mostly marine and include seaweed

A

phaeophycophyta

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176
Q

➢All are multicellular and large
➢Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe, and blade
➢Chlorophyll a and c are present
➢Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
➢Many of them have holdfast and air bladders which give them buoyancy

A

phaeophycophyta

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177
Q

diatoms, provide abundant food supply for aquatic animals

what phylum

A

Bacillariophycophyta

178
Q

➢Chlorophyll a and c are present
➢Shells of diatoms are called frustules
➢Deposits of these shells from centuries of growth are called diatomite or diatomaceous earth

A

Bacillariophycophyta

179
Q

unicellular and motile by means of flagella
➢Chlorophyll a and b present
➢1000 species of euglenoids
➢Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics
➢Have contractile vacuoles and fibrils
➢Carry out photosynthesis in chloroplast and is facultatively autotrophic
➢Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission
➢Dormant cyst are formed

A

euglenophycophyta

180
Q

green algae, contain one chloroplast per cell which contains pyrenoids

A

chlorophycophyta

181
Q

➢Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids and store food as starch
➢Both have walls made of cellulose
➢Reproduction by asexual methods or isogamous and

A

chlorophycophyta

182
Q

biflagellate organisms, cells are slipper shaped and flattened occur singly

A

cryptophycophyta

183
Q

➢Some with cellulose wall others naked
➢1 or 2 plastids with or without pyrenoids
➢Reproduction by longitudinal cell division or by zoospores or cysts

A

cryptophycophyta

184
Q

flagella are inserted in the girdle and arranged with one encircling the cell and other trailing

which algae?

A

pyrrophycophyta

185
Q

➢Many are covered only by plasmalemma and in some there is a wall made of cellulose
➢Some have a series of cellulose plates within plasmalemma termed thecal plates
➢Dianoflagellates a diverse group of biflagellated unicellular organisms present

A

phyrrophycophyta

186
Q

Used as gelling agents in medicine and technology

A

phycocolloids

187
Q

algae blooms occur when too much nitrogen and phosphorus enters a waterway

A

indication of pollution

188
Q

___ are ideally suited for water quality assessment because they have rapid reproduction rates and very short life cycles, making them valuable indicators of short-term impacts

A

algae

189
Q

filters water by moving water rapidly over a rough, highly illuminated surface, which causes algae to start growing in large amounts

A

algae water

190
Q

can be used to treat goiter; reduce fever, ease pain, induce urination

A

ulva

191
Q

can be used to treat urinary diseases, treat edema

A

codium

192
Q

– can be used to treat cervical lymphadenitis, edema

A

sargassum

193
Q

can be used to treat goiter, bronchitis, tonsilitis, and cough

A

porphyra

194
Q

laxative; can be used to treat tracheitis, gastrid diseases and hemorrhoids, can be used to extract agarnishes inflammation, reduces fever

A

gelidium

195
Q

produed by a unicellular algae in plankton act as extracellular inhibitors its shown by chemical analysis

A

acrycliacid

196
Q

Algae include (6)

A

➢
Euglenoids
➢
Dinoflagellates
➢
Diatoms
➢
Brown algae
➢
Red algae
➢
Green algae

197
Q

behaves both autotrophically as well as heterotrophically

A

euglenoids

198
Q

2nd major group of protist, involve the formation of red tides

A

dinoflagellates

199
Q

major producers in aquatic (marine and fresh water) life

A

diatoms

200
Q

➢
Play important role in marine food chains
➢
They have beautiful patterns and contains two shells

A

diatoms

201
Q

kelps (largest brown algae) e.g. laminaria

A

brown algae

202
Q

help in formation of coral reefs along with coral animals (ex. Polysiphonia

A

red algae

203
Q

Chlamydomonas (unicellular), dermis (two cells with two halves), volvox (colonial), spirogyra (filamentous), ulva (sheet-like), chlorella

A

green algae

204
Q

unicellular green algae

A

chlamydomonas

205
Q

colonial green algae

A

volvox

206
Q

filamentous green algae

A

spirogyra

207
Q

sheet-like green algae

A

ulva

208
Q

sheet-like body and also called as sea lettuce

A

ulva

209
Q

has the essential nutrients that human body needs and also very important for research use

A

chlorella

210
Q

not considered as cell wall but provides rigidity and strength that membrane cannot offer

A

pellicle

211
Q

Exterior covering of euglenoids and outer protenaceous covering that protects the cytoplasm

A

pellicle

212
Q

Enables flexibility while maintaining the organism’s form

A

pellicle

213
Q

– flagella lying in this part allow manuverability and forward movement

A

cingulum

214
Q

flagella in this part propel the cell forward

A

sulcus

215
Q

sudden increase or buildup of algae that results in the discoloration of water system occurring in freshwater, marine, and brackish habitats

A

algal broom

216
Q

specific type of hazardous algal bloom that causes discoloration of coastal waters, generally turning them red or brown

A

red tide

217
Q

Created by microorganisms including phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates and diatoms

A

red tide

218
Q

most distinguishing feature is its arms and horns, which vary in shape and size depending on the species

A

ceratium

219
Q

affected by temperature and salinity of surrounding environment

A

ceratium

220
Q

green algae found in fresh water, marine settings, and soil

A

chlamydomonas

221
Q

➢
Flagella is of even length
➢
Chloroplast contains green pigments
➢
Can reproduce sexually and asexually

A

chlamydomonas

222
Q

lagellate eukaryote that may be found in freshwater and saltwater

A

euglena

223
Q

➢
Two flagella of uneven length
➢
Has chloroplasts that contain green, yellow, brown pigments
➢
Reproduce only asexually

A

euglena

224
Q

common name of chlorophyta

A

green algae

225
Q

morphology of chlorophyta

uni,multi, or both?
single, multi, filament, colony, or all?1

A

both
all

226
Q

pigments of chlorophyta

A

A and B

227
Q

representative of chlorophyta

A

chlamydomonas reinhandtii

228
Q

carbon reserve material of chlorophyta

A

staarch

229
Q

cell wall of chlorophyta is made up of

A

cellulose

230
Q

major habitats of chlorohpyta

a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds

A

A

231
Q

common name of euglenophyta

A

eugneloids

232
Q

morphology of eugnelophyta

A

unicellular, flagellated

233
Q

pigments of euglenophyta

A

chlorophyll a and b

234
Q

carbon reserve material of euglenophyta

A

paramylon

235
Q

cell wall of euglenophyta

A

pellicle

236
Q

major habitat of euglenophyta

a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds

A

B

237
Q

common name of dinoflagellate

A

dinoflagellate

238
Q

morphology of dinoflagellate

A

unicellular
two dissimilar flagella
amphiesma covering, thecal cellulose plates

239
Q

pigment of dinoflagellate

A

chlorophyll c, beta carotene, xanthophyll

240
Q

representative organism of dinoflagellate

A

gonyaulax

241
Q

carbon reserve of dinoflagellate

A

starch,starch-like compound, oil

242
Q

cell wall of dinoflagellate

A

theca

243
Q

where does dinoflagellates reside

a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds

A

C

244
Q

common name for chrysophyta

A

golden algae

245
Q

morphology of chrysophyta

A

unicellular
heterokont flagella
endogenous silified stomatocysts

246
Q

pigment of chrysophyta

A

C. A and C
carotenoid
fucoxanthin
carotenoid diadinoxanthin

247
Q

representative of chrysophyta

A

chrysophyceae

248
Q

carbon reserve of chrysophyta

A

oil
chyrsolaminarin

249
Q

cell wall of chrysophyta

A

cellulose (w/ silica)

250
Q

chrysophyta

a. ponds, lakes, rivers, soil
b. ditches, streams, lake
c. marine brackish, fresh water, snowice, benthic
d. freshwater, lakes, and ponds

A

D

251
Q

nonvascular plants, during the early evolution of land plants, three major monophyletic lineages diverged before vascular plants called ____

A

bryophytes

252
Q

bryophytes include (3)

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

253
Q

Small autotrophic organisms that become adapted to terrestrial existence

A

bryophytes

254
Q

Differ from vascular plants in lacking true vascular tissue and in having the gametophyte as the dominant, photosynthetic, persistent, and free-living phase of life cycle

A

bryophyte

255
Q

in bryophyte, what is more dominant,

sporophyte or gametophyte

A

gametophyte

256
Q

Green, have rhizoids (root-like structures), and may have stem-like and leaf-like part

what group of plant

A

bryophyte

257
Q

Lack true vascular tissue for water and food distribution and are consequently restricted to moist habitats

what group of plant

A

bryophyte

258
Q

Plant body (thallus) may be dorsoventrally flattened and bilaterally symmetrical or radially

what group of plant

A

bryophyte

259
Q

bilaterally symmetrical which type of bryophyte

A

liverworts

260
Q

radially symmetrical, which bryophyte

A

mosses

261
Q

Require water for fertilization, but their reproductive organs, unlike algae, are multicellular – the archegonium (female) and antheridium (male)

which group of plants

A

bryophyte

262
Q

male parts of bryophyte

A

antheridium

263
Q

female parts of bryophyte

A

archegonium

264
Q

Have pronounced alternation of generation cycle, in which gametophyte is the more conspicuous
and self-sustaining plant

A

bryophyte

265
Q

Sporophyte is small, often ephemeral, and dependent on the gametophyte for its food and water

which group of plant

A

bryophyte

266
Q

traditionally called hepaticae, are one of the monophyletic group that are descendants of some of the first land plants

A

liverwort

267
Q

traditional term for liverwort

A

hepaticae

268
Q

Minor components of the land plant flora, growing mostly in moist, shaded areas

A

liverworts

269
Q

Apomorphies of this monophyletic group are:

Distinctive oil bodies

Specialized structures called elaters

Elongate non-sporogenous cells with spiral wall thickenings found inside the sporangium and function in spore dispersal

A

liverworts

270
Q

Two basic morphological types of liverwort gametophytes:

A

thalloid
leafy

271
Q

consist of a thallus, a flattened mass of tissue

which morphological type of bryophyte

A

thalloid

272
Q

Gametophyte bear rhizoids, uniseriate, filamentous process that function in anchorage and
absorption

which type morphological type of bryohpyte

A

thalloid

273
Q

contain propagules called gemmae, function in vegetative (asexual) reproduction; when a droplet of water falls into this, the gemmae themselves may be dispersed some distance away, growing into a haploid genetic clone of the parent

A

gemma cups

274
Q

have gametohpytes consisting of a stem axis bearing three rows of thin leaves (liverwort)

A

leafy liverwort

275
Q

Stem is prostrate and leaves are modified such that the upper two rows of leaves are larger and the lowermost row is reduced

type of liverwort?

A

leafy liverwort

276
Q

peltate structures bearing antheridia

A

antheridiophores

277
Q

part where sperm is released in an antheridiopore

A

antheridium

278
Q

bears archegonia

A

archegoniophores

279
Q

Zygote divides ___ and eventually differentiate into a diploid (2n) embryo, which matures in a diploid (2n) _____ after fertilization

A

mitotically
sporophyte

280
Q

Internal cells divide ____ , forming haploid (n) spores

A

meiotically

281
Q

Spores are released by a splitting of capsule into ___ valves (how many?)

A

4

282
Q

Spores may land on a substrate, germinate, and grow into a new ____ , completing the life cycle

A

gametophyte

283
Q

also known as anthocerotae, is a monophyletic group comprising a second major lineage of land plants

A

hornworts

284
Q

Have stomates consisting of two chloroplast-containing cells, guard cells

which type of bryophyte

A

hornworts

285
Q

Similar to thalloid liverworts in gametophyte morphology and found in similar habitats

A

hornworts

286
Q

➢Has pores (liverworts do not)
➢Have symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, which lives in the cavities of the thallus
➢Basic life cycle is similar to liverworts and mosses but the sporophyte is unique in being elongate, cylindrical, and photosynthetic

A

hornworts

287
Q

hornworts is also known as ___

A

anthocerotae

288
Q

indeterminate growth, via a basal, intercalary meristem

which shape of sporophyte

A

cylindrical sporophyte

289
Q

or musci, are by far the most speciose and diverse of three major groups of nonvascular land plants and inhabit a number of ecological ncihes

A

mosses

290
Q

mosses are also known as what

A

musci

291
Q

➢Share apomorphies with vascular plants
➢ one apomorphy is the elongate, aerial sporophyte axis

A

mosses

292
Q

specialized conductive cells in mosses which function in water conduction

A

hyroids

293
Q

function in sugar conduction in mosses

A

leptoids

294
Q

thick outer layer of spores of mosses

A

perine

295
Q

part of mosses that are always leafy, with a variable number of leaf ranks or rows

A

gametophyte

296
Q

are mostly quite small and thin but have a central costa, composed of conductive cells, that resembles a true vein

A

mosses leaves

297
Q

are usually produced at the apex of gametophytic stems in mossess

what reproductive part

A

antheridia, archegonia

298
Q

apical archegonial tissue which functions in protecting the young sporophyte apex

A

calyptra

299
Q

long stick of the sporophyte at the apex of which is born the sporangium or capsule.

A

stipe

300
Q

lid falls off the capsule apex when spore is released

A

operculum

301
Q

in mosses like the elaters of liverworts, are hygroscopic. As the capsule dries up, the ______ ______ retract, effecting the release of the spores.

A

peristome teeth

302
Q

filamentous structure of mosses that resulted from initial development of gametophyte

A

protonema

303
Q

represents an ancestral vestige, resembling a filamentous green “alga

A

protonema

304
Q

also known as peat moss, contains numerous species

A

sphagnum

305
Q

➢grow in wet bogs and chemically modifies its environment by making the surrounding water acidic
➢ leaves are unusual in having two cell types: chlorophyllous cells, which form a network, and large clear hyaline cells having characteristic pores and helical thickenings
➢ pores give remarkable properties of water absorption and retention, making it quite valuable horticulturally in the potting mixture
➢ peat is fossilized and partially decomposed sphagnum and is mined for used in potting mixtures and as an important fuel source in some parts of the world

what type of moss

A

sphagnum

306
Q

derived from a Greek word ‘BRYON’ means mosses and ‘phyca’ means plant

A

bryophyte

307
Q

➢oldest land plants on earth and have been around for 400 million years or more
➢do not have vascular tissues for support and transport of water and nutrients
➢ lack leaves, but have leaf-like scales that contain chloroplast in which photosynthesis occurs
➢ lack true roots, anchor themselves in the soil through rhizoids

A

bryophyte

308
Q

multicellular filaments of thin-walled cells that extend from the photosynthetic tissue into the soil

A

rhizoids

309
Q

➢usually small and ground hugging, most measure between 2 to 4 inches
➢lack true stems
➢amphibians of plant kingdom, need water for fertilization
➢lived in moist places and humid environment

A

bryophyte

310
Q

plant body, not differentiated into root, stem, leaf

A

thallus

311
Q

three parts of sporophyte

A

foot
seta
capsule

312
Q

class of bryophytes (3)

A

musci
hepaticae
anthocerotae

313
Q

class of bryopthtes where body is usually leafy-like, prefer damp, shaed locations in temperate zone

A

musci

314
Q

arose because of the lobes of the thallus resemble the lobes of the liver, many have a flattened body called thallus, but some have a leafy appearance

A

hepaticae

315
Q

sporophytes look like small green broom hancles, unique among bryophyte

A

anthocerotae

316
Q

have cells that contain only a single chloroplast

class of bryophytes?

A

anthocerotae

317
Q

what is used in spore dispersal by liverworts

A

elaters

318
Q

gametophyte of liverworts is in what form

A

thalloid
leafy

319
Q

characteristic of seta of liverworts

A

parenchymatous

320
Q

grow closer to the ground with huge, flat, rubbery leaves that hug the surface

A

liverworts

321
Q

spore dispersal tool of hornworts

A

pseudoelaters

322
Q

gametophyte form of hornworts

A

thalloid

323
Q

characteristic of seta of hornwort

A

no seta

324
Q

have irregular forms
gametophyte stages are often blue-green in hue
produce slime in between cells

what type of bryophyta

A

hornwort

325
Q

tool of mosses in spore dispersal

A

peristome

326
Q

gametophyte form of mosses

A

leafy

327
Q

seta characteristic of moss

A

parenchyma cells, stereids, well-developed strand

328
Q

thread-like rhizoids, small, leafy arrangements, transportation system for gas exchange and transfer of other products and water

which bryophytes?

A

mosses

329
Q

completed the conquest of earth’s surface begun by the more primitive bryophytes

A

tracheophytes

330
Q

➢evolved by complex vascular tissues
➢have a well-developed root-shoot system, with highly specialized roots, stems, leaves, and specialized vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) that function like miniature tubes to conduct
food, water, and nutrients
throughout the plant

A

tracheophytes

331
Q

non-seed tracheophytes

A

fern allies

332
Q

becomes the dominant stage in tracheopytes

A

diploid sporophyte

333
Q

tiny, may either be autotrophic or heterotrophic in tracheophytes

A

gametophyte

334
Q

➢is generally free living and independent of the parental sporophyte
➢Unlike the vascular sporophytes,

A

gametophyte

335
Q

Unlike the vascular sporophytes, the gametophytes (have/have no)
vascular tissue at all.

A

have no

336
Q

possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) however xylem lacks vessels

A

ferns and allies

337
Q

water transport cells in ferns

A

tracheids

338
Q

Gametes are produced in ____ (eggs) and ___ (sperm)

A

archegonia
antheridium

339
Q

Spores are produced in _____ , these do not produce seeds

A

sporangia

340
Q

sporangium with single layer of cells

A

leptosporangiate ferns

341
Q

sporangium with single layer of cells

which type of fern

A

polypodiophyta

342
Q

have sporangia with multiple cell layers

A

eusporangiate ferns and allies

343
Q

example of eusporangiate ferns and allies

A

lycopodiophyte
psilophyta
equisetophyta

344
Q

Sporophyte phase – ____ , gametophyte – ______ in ferns

A

sporo - dominant
gameto - reduced

345
Q

4 divisions of ferns and allies

A

lycopodiophyta
equisetophyta
psilotophyta
polypodiophyta or pteridophyte

346
Q

lycopodiophyta families

A

lycopodiaceae
selaginellaceae
isoeteaceae

347
Q

also known as club mosses

A

lycopodiaceae

348
Q

known as spike mosses

A

selaginellaceae

349
Q

known as quillworts

A

isoteaceae

350
Q

also called ground pine, consist of 400 species of seedless vascular plants

A

club moss

351
Q

➢With branching rhizome (horizontal stems) sends up aerial stem less than 30 cm tall
➢With tightly packed, scale-like leaves known as microphylls

type of lycopodiophyta?

A

club moss

352
Q

surface of leaves where sporangia occur

A

sporophyll

353
Q

sporophylls are grouped into club shaped cones called what

A

strobili

354
Q

club moss is what (homosporous/hetersporous)/

A

homosporous

355
Q

approximately 700 species, species of selaginella occurring in two vegetative forms

A

spike moss

356
Q

only one shape, spirally arranged vegetative leaves

A

isomorphic

357
Q

prostrate, leaves of two forms in four rows: two lateral or larger leaves and two upper or dorsal row of smaller leaves

A

dimorphic

358
Q

sporophylls bear enlarged microsporangia and megasporangia on the upper side of sheathing bease

A

quillwort

359
Q

mircosporophylls that are usually located in inner to the
megasporophylls

male or female sporophylls?

A

male sporophylls

360
Q

megasporophylls

male or female

A

female

361
Q

with one family, equisetaceae, also knopwn as scouring rush or horsetail family

A

equisetophyta

362
Q

equisetophyta Remaining species is the genus

A

equisetum

363
Q

➢Erect, homosporous
➢Herbs with hollow, jointed, fluted salicaceous stems
➢Leaves reduced to whorled scales at the nodes
➢Sporangia borne in terminal strobili, spores containing chlorophyll

A

equisetophyta

364
Q

with one family, psilotaceae, whisk fern family

A

psilotophyta

365
Q

➢Herbaceous, dichotomously branched
➢Stems develop from rhizome
➢Rhizome has rhizoids (mutualistic mycorrhizal fungus)
➢Homosporous, sporangia which are located at the ends of short of branches
➢Lateral on stem are tiny scales fork a pair of scales

A

psilotophyta

366
Q

true ferns, second largest division of the plant kingdom

A

polypodiophyta

367
Q

➢more than 12,000 species of ferns live today
➢a fern sporophyte consist of a stem, which is often called rhizome

A

polypodiophyta

368
Q

large conspicuous leaves are termed as fronds or what

A

megaphyll

369
Q

divided into leaflets or pinna and pinnules

A

fronds

370
Q

5 families of polypodiophyta/pteridophyte:

A

ophioglossaceae
osmundaceae
polypodiaceae
marsiliaceae
salviniaceae

371
Q

“grape fern family”

A

ophiogolossaceae

372
Q

cinnamon fern family”

A

osmundaceae

373
Q

fern family

A

polypodiaceae

374
Q

water clover fern family

A

marsiliaceae

375
Q

water fern family”

A

salviniaceae

376
Q

has leaf that is finely divided into small parts, root, underground stem

A

fern

377
Q

groups of sporangia (spore-producing organs)

A

sori

378
Q

young leaf that is rolled together

A

circinate

379
Q

➢roots, feathery leaves, and underground stems
➢vascular tissues
➢spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction
➢damp and shady places

A

ferns

380
Q

also known as vascular plants, share a monophyletic groups of land plants

A

tracheophyta

381
Q

apomorphies:
➢lignified secondary cell walls with pits in certain specialized cells
➢endodermis
➢independent, long-lived sporophyte

A

tracheophyta

382
Q

specialized cell that function in structural support in vascular plants

A

sclerenchyma

383
Q

cells of xylem tissue

A

tracheary elements

384
Q

cells of phloem tissue

A

sieve elements

385
Q

also known as fern and fern allies composed of lycopodiophytes, psilotophytes, equisetophytes, and leptosporangiate ferns

A

pteridophytes

386
Q

➢diverse and ancient lineages that do not form a monophyetic group, and will be referred to as “free-sporing tracheophytes”

A

pteridophytes

387
Q

lineage of plants that diverged after the rhyniophytes (fossil fern allies)

A

lycopodiophyta

388
Q

➢apomorphies include the primary roots of lycophytes that have an endarch protoxylem
➢protoxylem – refer to the first tracheary cells that develop within a patch of xylem and that are typically smaller and have thinner cell walls than the later formed metaxylem
➢in their roots, the protoxylem forms a posterior interior to the metaxylem

A

lycopodiophyta

389
Q

– its stem have an exarch protoxylem

A

lycophytes

390
Q

sporophytic structure of lycophytes

A

lycophyll

391
Q

➢characterized having an intercalary meristem and lacking a gap in the vasculature of the stem
➢have a single, unbranched vein
➢may have evolved from small appendages (called enations) which may resemble lycophyll but lack vasculature
➢formed by the innervation of vascular tissue from the stem into the enation and flattening of this structure into a dorsoventral planar posture

A

lycophyll

392
Q

small, nonwoody, herbaceous plants grouped into three: lycopodiaceae, selaginellaceae, isotaceae

A

lycophytes

393
Q

include 380 species, which are commonly called club-mosses, are distinguished in having one type of spore, a condition known as homospory
➢diphasiastrum
➢huperzia
➢lycopodiella
➢lycopodium
➢phylloglossum

A

lycopodiaceae

394
Q

sporangia of lycopodiaceae, develops laterally in the axils of specialized leaves called ___

A

sporophylls

395
Q

➢similar to the vegetative leaves and co-occur with them on shoots that are indeterminate, i.e. with continuous growth

A

sporophylls

396
Q

contain approximately 700 species in a single genus, commonly known as spike-moss

A

selaginella

397
Q

two vegetative forms of selaginella include:

A

isomoprhic
dimorphic

398
Q

spirally arranged of only one size and shape

A

isomorphic

399
Q

prostrate, arranged in four rows: two lateral rows of larger leaves and two upper, or dorsal, rows of smaller leaves

A

dimorphic

400
Q

terrestrial, herbaceous, and perennial plants under 2cm tall

A

spikemoss

401
Q

➢ roots dichotomously branching
➢rhizopores produced from the stem, dichotomously branching
➢stems are erect or creeping

A

spike moss

402
Q

commonly known as quillworts, wherein the sporophylls bear enlarged microsporangia on the upper side of the sheathing base

A

isotaceae

403
Q

one species of isotaceae existing in the philipines, endangered and found in Mindanao

A

isoetes philippinensis

404
Q

sister groups of lycophytes, including all other vascular plants

A

euphyllophytes

405
Q

➢two major apomorphies that unite them are roots that have an exarch protoxylem, in which protoxylem is placed outer to metaxylem and leaves are euphyllous, growing either marginal or apical meristems and have associated leaf gap
➢composed of two major sister groups: monilophytes and spermatophytes

A

euphyllophytes

406
Q

ferns in the broad sense

A

monilophytes

407
Q

seed plants

A

spermatophytes

408
Q

inclusive of five major lineages: equistales (horsetails), marattiales (marattoid ferns), ophioglossales ophioglossoid ferns),
psilotales (whisk ferns), and polypodiales (leptosporangiate ferns)

A

monilophytes

409
Q

horestails

A

equistales

410
Q

marattoid ferns

A

marattiales

411
Q

ophioglossoid ferns

A

ophioglossales

412
Q

whisk ferns

A

wpsilotales

413
Q

leptosporangiate ferns

A

polypodiales

414
Q

➢stem is mesarch in position, meaning that treachery elements first mature near the middle of a patch of a xylem
➢protoxylem is restricted to the lobes of the xylem

A

monilophytes

415
Q

ferns consist of a few genera of fernlike plants, unique that in each leaf consist of a sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic blade or lamina

A

ophioglossales

416
Q

grape fern or moonwort

A

botrychium

417
Q

adder’s tongue

A

ophioglossum

418
Q

have divided compound lamina and branched fertile segment

A

botrychium helmintostachys

419
Q

simple undivided lamina, and unbranched fertile segment

A

ophioglossum

420
Q

relatively large derived from several epidermal cells, and has a sporangial wall comprised of more than one cell layer

A

eusporangia

421
Q

commonly known as whisk ferns, consist of two genera of plants, Psilotum and tmesipteris

A

psilates or psilophytes

422
Q

independent, dominant, free-living sporophyte

absent of roots in the psilophytes has often been considered to be a primitive retention
➢
haploid gametophyte is small, obscure, and free-living in or on the soil

A

psilates

423
Q

consist of horizontal rhizome that gives rise to aerial, photosynthetic, generally dichotomously branching stems

A

sporophyte

424
Q

known as whisk broom, the most widespread species of ppsilophytes, one that commonly serves as an exemplar for the group

A

psilotum nudum

425
Q

known as equisetophytes, sphenophytes, or sphenopsids, are a monophyletic group that diverged early in the evolution of vascular plants

A

equisetales

426
Q

tip of some aerial stems containing the sporangia, which are pendant from stalk, or peltate structure called sporangiophore

A

strobili

427
Q

four or more unusual appendages that are hygroscopic and uncurl from the spore body upon
drying, aiding in spore dispersal

A

elaters

428
Q

group of about six genera and have traditionally been called ferns

A

marattiales

429
Q

➢Similar to the polypodiales or leptosporangiate ferns in general form, having large pinnate or bipinnate leaves with circinate venation, sporangia located on the abaxial surface of leaflet blades, and a photosynthetic gametophyte

A

mariattales

430
Q

occur in botanical garden, species locally known as pakong kalabaw

A

angipteris palmiformis

431
Q

this is the common genera are Marattia and Angiopteris

A

giant fern

432
Q

– known as Filicales or pteridales correspond to what are commonly known as leptosporangiate ferns

A

polypodiales

433
Q

➢
Contain by far the greatest diversity, with more than 11,000 species

➢
Have horizontal stem, the rhizome which is usually underground but may sprawl at ground level

A

polypodiales

434
Q

immature leaves of polypodiales, type of developmental morphology is called circinate vernation

A

fiddleheads

435
Q

leaf itself

A

frond

436
Q

petiole, the first discreet leaflets or blade divisions of a fern leaf (pinnae)

A

stipe

437
Q

ultimate leaflets or blade divisions

A

pinnules

438
Q

primary apomorphy of polypodiales, are unique among vascular plants:
1.
Developing from a single cell
2.
Having a single layer of cells making up the sporangium wall

A

leptosporangium

439
Q

aggregation of leptosporangia often aggregated

A

sori

440
Q

may or may not be covered by a flap of tissue

A

indusium

441
Q

row of specialized cells on the outer rim of the leptosporangium

A

annulus

442
Q
A

Systematic Biology (18 decks)

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