Kingdom Fungi Flashcards
used inclusively for a heterogenous group of organisms that have traditionally been studied by mycologists
fungus
refers to the organisms in the Kingdom Fungi
fungi
Eukaryotic organisms
fungi
Heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by absorption
fungi
Reproduced by spores
fungi
primary carbohydrate storage product
glycogen
true fungi
eumycota
most fungi have these composed of a hyphae that elongate by tip growth
thallus
mass of hyphae
mycelium
structure of fungi (3)
hyphae
mycelium
thalus
nutritional type of fungi
heterotroph
are fungi multicellular/unicellular
all are multicellular except yeasts
cellular arrangement of fungi
unicellular
filamentous
flesh
food acquisition method of fungi
absorptive
characteristic features of fungi
sexual and asxeual spores
what organelles does the fungi have (6)
mitochondrion
rER
nucleus
cell wall
cell membrane
golgi apparatus
tubular units of construction
hyphae
a hard wall of chitin
hyphae
this part of hyphae may form compartments
hyphae
grow at tips
hyphae
reproductive cells of fungi
spores
Spores can be formed on
directly on hyphae
inside sporangia
fruiting bodies
hierarchal classification of A. campestris L
start from Kingdom to species
➢ Kingdom: Fungi
➢ Phylum: Basidiomycota
➢ Class: Basidiomycetes
➢ Order: Agricales
➢ Family: Agaricaceae
➢ Genus: Agaricus
➢ Species: A. campestris L.
kingdom name of fungi
Mycetaceae
exhibits different kind of forms and complexity
Kingdom Fungi
approximate number of fungi
144,000
two groups of fungi
macroscopic
microscopic
example of macroscopic fungi
mushroom, puffballs, gill fungi
example of microscopic fungi
molds, yeast
what material is fungi’s cell wall made up of
chitin
also found in insect exoskeleton and other arthropods and polysaccharides
chitin
encloses the protoplast
cell wall
differentiated to other cell parts such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelle, and nuclei
protoplast
obtaining their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances,
sacprophytic
(biotrophs) that can infect the host
parasitic
the fungi living an interdependent relationship association with other species in which both are mutually benefited
symbiotic
Found in wide variety of habitats, but seems especially adapted to dark, moist environments
kingdom fungi
Also thrive in substrate with high salt or sugar content, at relatively high temperatures, even in snow and glaciers
kingdom fungi
most fungi are these that produce powerful digestive enzymes that they introduce into their immediate environment to break down organic matter
decomposers
fungi can also live in this type of wood
timber
energy reserve of fungi, as it is in animals and bacteria
glycogen
serve as an important storage function in fungi
lipid
fungus body (thallus) in a vegetative condition
mycelium
Food absorbing portion of the fungal body
mycelium
Consist of a woven, intertwining mass of hyphae
mycelium
two kinds of hyphae
septate hyphae
coenocytic hyphae
another term for coenocytic hyphae
ornon septate
divided into successive compartments by crosswalls or septa
septate hyphae
continuous and without crosswalls
coenocytic hyphae
motile or non-motile spore that maybe produced either sexually or asexually
fungi reproduction
with the exception of this, non-motile spore are the characteristics means of reproduction in fungi
chytrids
some of these are dry and very small
spores
Can remain suspended in the air for long periods, thus being carried to great heights and distances
spores
Some are slimy and stick to bodies of insects and other arthropods, which may then spread them from place to place
spores
some spore of fungi are propelled this way into the air
balistically
The bright colors and powdery texture of many types of molds are due to this
spores
Most common method of asexual reproduction
spores
where spore is produced
sporangia
Sac-like structure with the entire contents of which are converted into one or more usually many spores
sporangia
some fungi reproduce asexually through this of their hyphae
fragmentation
hyphal cells that produces spores
conidogenous cells
Cells produced by this occurs singly or in chains and are called conidia
conidogenous cells
formed by successive cleavages within a sac like head (sporangium) which is attached to a stalk (sporangiophore)
sporangiospores
stalk of a sporangiospore
sporangiophore
Initially enclosed but are released when the sporangium ruptures
sporangiospores
free spores not enclosed by a spore bearing sac
conidia (conidiospores)
Develop either by pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by segmentation of a pre-existing vegetative hypha
conidia (conidiospores)
rectangular spore formed when the septate hypha fragments at the crosswalls
arthrospore
forms of asexual spore
arthrospore
chlamydospore
blastospore
phialospore
porospore
Greek word for joint
arthron
spherical conidium formed by thickening of a hyphal cell
chlamydospore
Released when the surrounding hyphal fractures, and it serves as a survival or resting cells
chlamydospore
spore produced by budding from parent cells that is a yeast or another conidium (also called bud)
blastospore
a conidium that is budded from a mouth of a vase shaped spore bearing cell called a phialide or sterigma, leaving a small collar micronidium or macronidium
phialospore
vase shaped pore bearing cell
phialide/sterigma
one-celled phialospore
micronidia
two or more celled phialospore
macronidia
Greek word for vessel
phialos
Greek word for cloak
chlamys
conidium that grows out through small pores in the small bearing cells; some are composed of several cells
porospore
sexual reproduction of fungi consist of 3 distinct phases
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis
phases of syngamy of fertilization
plasmogamy and karyogamy
fusion of protoplasts, preceds karyogamy
plasmogamy
fusion of nuclei
karyogamy
In some species, follows plasmogamy immediately, whereas in others the two haploid nucleus do not fuse for some time, forming a _____
dikaryon
May not take place for several months or years , in which the pairs of nuclei may divide in tandem, producing a dikaryotic mycelium
karyogamy
eventually the nuclei fuse within a fruiting structure to form this
diploid nucleus
Sexual reproduction in most fungi results in the formation of spores such as
zygospores
ascospores
basidiospores
also known as chytrids, are predominantly an aquatic group consisting of about 790 species
chytridiomycota
Inhabits soils from ditches, banks of ponds and streams
chytrids
Also found in desert soils and rumens of large herbivorous mammals such as cows
chytrids
chytrid’s cell walls contain this
chitin
almost all chytrids have this distinction, with few septa at maturity
coenocytic
some chytrids are unicellular and do not develop this
mycelium
chytrids are distinguished from other fungi by this
motile cells (zoospores and gametes)
Whole organism is transformed into a ____ in unicellular chytrids
reproductive structure
some chytrids have these that extend into the substrate and serve as an anchor
rhizoids
some chytrids have this relationship with algae, protozoa, and aquatic oomycetes
parasites
some chytrids are these on dead insects
saprophytic
Obtains food by absorbing dissolved material
saprophytic
most of the species live on decaying plant and animal matter in the soil, while some are parasites of plants, insects, or small soil animals
zygomycetes
division of zygomycetes
zygomycota
Form symbiotic associations-endomycorrhizae-with plants
zygomycetes
➢ Few can cause severe infections in humans and domestic animals
zygomycetes
most of zygomycetes have these, within the cytoplasm can be seen rapidly
coenocytic hyphae
zygomycetes can usually be recognized by this, rapidly growing hyphae but some exhibit a unicellular, yeastlike form of growth under certain conditions
profuse
asexual means of zygomycetes produced in specialized sporangia born on the hyphae
haploid spores
Black mold that form cottony masses on the surface of moist, carbohydrate rich foods such as bread or similar substances exposed to air
rhizopus stolonifera
this part of the Rhizopus is composed of several distinct kinds of haploid hyphae
mycelium
Consist of rapidly growing coenocytic hyphae that grow through substrate, absorbing nutrients
mycelium
arching hyphae that formed from coenocytic hyphae growing through the substrate
stolons
From each of this, a sporangiophore arises
stolons
Sturdy, erect branch that arises from stolon, sporangium bearer
sporangiophore
begins as a swelling, into which a number of nuclei form, eventually isolated by the formation of a septum
sporangium
cleaved when a septum is formed, with a cell wall forming around each of the asexually produced nuclei to form spores
protoplasm
another zygomycete that resembles the colonies of Rhizopus
mucor
Produces oval spores
mucor
gives rise to a single sporangiophore with globular sporangium containing a columella and producing no rhizoids
nonseptate mycelium
phylum Zygomycota is named for its chief characteristic – the formation of sexually produced resting spores called
zygospores
Often remain dormant for long periods
zygospores
where zygospores are developed
zygosporangia
sexual reproduction in R. stolonifera requires the presence of two physiologically distinct mycelia designated what
+ and - starins
species that require + and – strains for sexual reproduction
heterothallic
self-fertile species
homothallic
become separated from the rest of the fungal body by the formation of septa
gametogangia
walls between to gametangia dissolve, and the two multinucleate protoplasta ____
come together
occurs at the time of germination so that the spores produced asexually within the new sporangium are haploid
meiosis
one species of bread mold used in Indonesia and adjacent areas
tempeh
consist of boiled, skinless soybeans that have been inoculated with a bread mold and set aside for 24 hours
tempeh
holds the soybeans together in tempeh, producing enzymes that increase the content of several of the B vitamins, and renders the soybean protein more digestible
mycelium
Chinese cheese that uses bread mold species
sufu
used commercially to carry out important steps to manufacture birth control pill and anesthetics
R. arrhizus and R. nigricans
contain the basidiomycetes, commonly known as the club fungi
basidiomycota
Include smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools, mushrooms, and bird’s nest fungi
basiodomycota
also called club fungi
basidiomycota
Named for their characteristic structure or cell, the basidium
basidiomycota
involved in sexual reproduction, produced at the tip of the hyphae and normally is club shaped
basidium
Greek word for small base
basidiion
produced by the basidium
basidiospores
may be held within fruiting bodies (basidiocarps
basidia
in basidiomycetes, the septa of the mycelium is in this condition
perforated
in basidiomycetes, karyogamy (does/does not) immediately follow plasmogamy
does not
mycelium that produces the basidiiomata, fleshy, basidiospore-producing bodies such as mushrooms or puffballs
tertiary mycelium
its cultivation is a multimillion-dollar business
agaricus campestris
act as either poisons or hallucinogens
alkaloids
destroying angel mushroom, an alkaloid
amanita phalloides
three classes of basidiomycota
basidiomycetes
teliomycetes
ustomycetes
include all fungi that produce basidiomata (mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs)
basidiomycetes
rusts
teliomycetes
masses of fungi that produces spores of teliomycetes and ustomycetes
sori
smuts
ustomycetes
monokaryotic mycelia of club fingi often occur in four mating types, with only two pairs being able to mate with each other
1 and 3
types 2 and 4
very dense, compact solid-looking mass that the diakaryotic mycelium forms
button
pushes above the surface and expands into a basidioma, commonly called a mushroom
button
mushroom parts (4)
pileus
stipe
annulus
volva
expanded umbrella like cap
pileus
stalk of a mushroom
stipe
ring on the stalk
annulus
some mushrooms have this cup at the base
volva
also known as the sac fungi
ascomycota
contains the fungi called ascomycetes, commonly known as the sac fungi
ascomycota
most of the red, brown, and blue-green molds that cause food spoilage are these
ascomycetes
also includes yeasts and edible morels and truffles
ascomycetes
ascomycete pink bread mold that is used in genetics and biochemistry
neurospora crassa
parasitizes rye and other grasses, causing the disease ergot
claviceps purpurea
toxic conditions in humans and animals who eat grain infected with the fungus is accompanied by gangrene, psychotic delusions, nervous spams, abortion, and convulsions
ergotism
pharmacological activities of ergot are due to this
lysergic acid diethylamide
LSD mean
lysergic acid diethylamide
in controlled dosages, this can be used to induce labor, lower blood pressure, and ease migraine headaches
ergot
reproductive structure of ascomycetes
saclike ascus
asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place through this
conidiospores
male mycelium
antheridium
female mycelium
ascogonium
filamentous, cosmopolitan and ubiquitous found in nature
aspergillus
Commonly isolated from soil, plant debris, and indoor air environment
aspergillus
commont contaminants on various substrates
aspergillus spp.
Most common genus of fungi in our environment which includes over 185 specie
aspergillus
2nd most common fungal infection requiring hospitalization in the United States
aspergillosis
most commonly isolated species
aspergillus fumigatus
single-celled spores appear in chains in microscopic
conidia
terminal bulb of the conidiopore
vesicle
spore created in the body
endospore
spore created outside the body
exospore
single-celled fungi, considered as natural as fruit and vegetables as many
yeast
used to leaven bread throughout the world and it is the type of yeast
baker’s yeast
Produced from the genus and species of yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker’s yeast
means sugar
saccharo
means fungus
myces
a typical yeast’s cell is equal in size to this
human red blood cell
shape of yeast cells
spherical to ellipsoidal
Yeast reproduce asexually by
transverse division
budding
yeast produce sexually by
spore formation
yeasts can also produce these
pseudohyphae
fungi whose sexual stage has not been observed yet is initially classified as this
imperfect fungi
all imperfect fungi reproduce by this means
conidia
division of imperfect fungi
deuteromycota
imperfect fungi parasitizes them and other small animals
protozoans
