Domain Archaea and Eubacteria Flashcards
thick peptidoglycan =>
thin peptidoglycan
thick - gram +
thin - gram -
(+) outer membrane
: (-) outer membrane
(+) outer membrane - gram -
(-) outer membrane - gram +
stains purple after Gram staining
stains pink after Gram staining
purple - gram +
pink - gram -
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
both archaea and eubacteria
archaea
eubacteria
neither archaea and eubacteria
prokaryotic - both archaea and eubacteria
eukaryotic - neither archaea and eubacteria
(+) cell membnrae
(+) cell wall
archaea, eubacteria, both, neither
(+) cell membrane - both
(+) cell wall - both
pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall
peptidoglycan cell wall
archaea, eubacteria, both, neither
pseudo - archaea
peptido - eubacteria
95% of ethanol or acetone serves as _____ in Gram staining.
decolorizer
_____ is the sole representative species of Nanoarchaea. It forms an obligate symbiotic relationship with _____.
nanoarchaeum equitans
ignococcus
_____ are spores produced outside the cell.
exospores
_____ spore is found at the end of the cell.
terminal
_____ spore is found in the middle of the cell.
central
_____ serves as the counterstain in Gram staining.
safranin
The mordant used in Gram staining is _____.
iodine
Chlamydia has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and is associated with STDs.
false
_____ is a classification of spherical bacteria arranged in 4s.
tetrad
principal source of carbon utilization is CO2
autotrophs
purple and green sulfur bacteria
photoautotrophs
depend on the others’ organic compounds
heterotrophs
utilize light as their source of energy
phototrophs
energy from the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds
chemotrophs
use inorganic compounds as the electron source
lithotrophs
use organic compounds as the electron source
organotrophs
Crystal violet serves as the _____ in Gram staining.
primary stain
grow best at pH 0 to pH 5.5 =>
acidophile
: grow best at pH 5.5 to pH 8.0
neutrophile
grow best at pH 8.0 to pH 11.5
alkalophile
grow best at -5C to 20C
psychrophile
grow best at 15C to 45C
mesophile
grow best at 42C to 80C
thermophile
grow best at 65C to 105C
hyperthermophile
require 2% of atmospheric oxygen for growth
microaerophile
no oxygen level preference
aerotolerant
: grow in the absence and presence of oxygen but prefers O2 presence
facultative aerobe
classification of bacteria characterized by its comma-shaped cells
vibrio
s a classification of bacteria with grape-like clustered spherical cells
staphylococcus
a prokaryotic cell that has an outer cell membrane that serves as a barrier between the cell and its environmen
archaea
Most similar to gram-positive bacteria
archaea
an archaea’s cell wall is made up of these
pseudomorein
Thrive in extreme environments
archaea
derives energy from inorganic compounds
chemoautotrophs
obtains energy from organic matter
heterotroph
ability to produce methane (methanogenesis), utilize alternative energy sources like sulfur or hydrogen gas, and perform photosynthesis
archaea
ways in which an element or compound moves between its various living and nonliving forms and locations in the biosphere
biogeochemical cycle
can be found in the digestive tracts of animals
methanogenic archaea
archaea has a symbiotic association with these
marine animals
archaea can be found in these but are typically not associated with human diseases
human microbiomes
includes methanogens and halobacteria
euryarchaeota
produce methane as a metabolic waste product
methanogens
Can cause flatulence in humans and other animals
methanogens
thrive in extreme saline environments and can form reddish blooms due to bacteriorhodopsin presence
halobacteria
play a crucial role in carbon fixation
crenarchaeota
Members are extremophiles that are (3)
sulfur dependent
thermophilic
hyperthermophilic
grows in volcanic springs at high temperature and low pH
sulfolobolus
nanoarchaeota contains a single species ____
nanoarchaeum equitans
Isolated from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean and hydrothermal vents at Yellowstone National Park
nanoarchaeum equitans
nanoarchaeota forms a obligate symbiotic relationship with this
ignococcus
considered as one of the most primitive forms of life
korarchaeota
Found only in the Obsidian Pool, a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park
korarchaeota
studying them expands our understanding of life’s limit and potential
extremophile
produce methane that affect global climate change
methanogens
archaea provide energy through these in symbiotic associations with marine animals
chemosynthesis
aid digestion and methane production in ruminant animals
methanogens
mammal of the suborder Ruminantia that mostly have four-chambered stomach and two toed feet
ruminant animals
prokaryotic cell with a (+) cell membrane
eubacteria
a eubacteria’s cell wall is made of this
peptidoglycan
some eubacteria can fix this for other organisms
nitrogen
proteobacteria (5)
alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria
photoautotrophic, symbionts, pathogens of proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria
human gut symbionts and pathogens of proteobacteria
beta proteobacteria
generate spore-forming fruiting bodies or reduce sulfur of proteobacteria
gamma proteobacteria
in animal digestive tracts and hydrothermal vents of proteobacteria
epsilon proteobacteria
obligate intracellular parasites of animal cells
chlamydiae
do chlamydiae have a peptidoglycan layer
no
spiral-shaped cells with flagella running lengthwise
spirochetes
obtain energy through photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
has a (+) thick cell wall and (-) outer membrane
gram positive bactera
spherical-shaped bacteria
cocci
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
spiral-shaped bacteria
spirilla
short rods
coccobacilli
comma-shaped
vibrio
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes what gram test result
gram +
thinner peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane
gram -
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram test result
gram -
principal source of carbon utilization is CO2
autotrophs
example is Purple and green sulfur bacteria
autotrophs
depend on others’ organic compounds
heterotrophs
Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus are what (autotrophs, heterotrophs,…)
heterotrophs
utilize light as their source of energy
phototrophs
what are Chromatum okenii, Rhodospirillum rubrum
phototrophs
energy from the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds
chemotrophs
examples are Nitrosomonas, Pseudosomonas pseudoflava
chemotrophs
use of inorganic compounds as the electron source
litotrophs
examples areNitrobacter, Thiobacillus dentrificans, Nitrosomonas
lithotrophs
use organic compounds as the electron source
organotrophs
example are Pseudomonas pseudoflava
organotrophs
flagellum is present only at one end of the bacteria
monotrichous
polarly flagellated and include pseudomonas aeruginosa
monotrichous
cluster of flagella is present only at one end of bacteria
lophotrichous
example is Pseudomonas fluorescens
lophotrichous
flagella are present in both ends of the bacteria in single or clusters
amphitrichous
example is Aquaspirillum serpens
amphitrichous
flagella are present all around the body
peritrichous
example are Salmonella Typhi
peritrichous
do not form spores
non-spore formers
are e. coli, staphylococcus aureus spore formers
no
produces spores
spore former
produced outside the cell
exospores
produced inside the cell but at different locations
endospores
grow at low pH with the pH optimum of pH 0 to 5.5
acidophiles
Sulfolobus, Picrophilus, Ferroplasma, Cyanidium caldarium
acidophiles, alkalophiles, neutrophiles?
acidophiles
grow at neutral pH with a pH optimum of 5.5 to 8.0
neutrophiles
Escherichia coli, Salmonella
acidophile, neutrophile, alkalophile
neutrophile
– these bacteria grow at high pH with a pH optimum of 8.0 to 11.5
alkalophiles
Bacillus alcalophilus, Natronobacterium
acidophiles, alkalophiles, neutrophiles
alkalophiles
aerobe that requires oxygen for aerobic respiration
obligate aerobes
not only require an anaerobic atmosphere for growth but are inhibited by oxygen
obligate anaerobes
is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent
facultative aerobes
an organism, like bacteria, that produces cellular ATP energy without oxygen. However, it can grow in the presence of oxygen
aerotolerant anaerobes
a microorganism that requires environments containing lower levels of dioxygen than that are present in the atmosphere
microaerophiles
governs the scientific naming for Bacteria and Archaea
international code of nomenclature of prokaryotes
establishes rules for naming taxa of bacteria based on their relative rank
international code of nomenclature of prokaryotes
it originally included references to bacteria but were removed in 1975
international code of botanical nomenclature
early code for this was approved in 1947 but later discarded
bacterial nomenclature
latest printed version of the ICNP was dated this, but it does not represent the current rules
1990
published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2008 revision of International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
maintains and updates the rules of ICNP
International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
were covered by botanical code until 1975
cyanobacteria
Was included starting in 1999 in both botanical and bacteriological codes, causing nomenclatural problems
cyanobacteria
covers most bacteria except cyanobacteria until 1975
bacteriological code
By 2021, the international committee on systematics of prokaryotes (ICSP) held a formal vote and chose what
➢ Excluding cyanobacteria from the bacteriological code
➢ Applying the bacteriological code to all cyanobacteria
➢ Considering valid publication under the botanical code as valid under the bacteriological code
➢ Considering valid publication under the botanical code as valid under the bacteriological code
since 2001, this must be designated when describing a new bacterial or archaeal species
type strain
living culture to which the scientific name of the organism is attached
type strain
