Fungi, Mosses, Worts Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

spore-producing organisms

cryptograms

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Includes ferns and fern allies but they are included with the flowering plants

cryptograms

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Means only ‘spore producing organisms other than ferns and ferns allies’

cryptograms

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nclude fungi, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

cryptograms

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Spore producing structures include and are often referred to as fruit bodies (3)

mushrooms
puffballs
stinkhorns

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permanent, feeding part of the fungus is out of sight (wood, soil, dung, etc.) and consist of network of fine threads

mycelium

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The fungal individual, just as a tree (not of any of its fruits) is the individual

mycelium

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mosses, liverworts, and hornworts make up these

bryophytes

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come from the latin word for mushrooms

FUNGUS

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many fungi species that do not produce this at all

MUSHROOMS

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being eukaryotes, a typical cell of this contain a true nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles

fungal cell

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includes an enormous variety of living organisms collectively known as Eucomycota

kingdom

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100,000 fungi were identified by scientist

kingdom fungi

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1.5 million species of fungi likely present on Earth

kingdom fungi

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Edible mushrooms, yeasts, black mold, penicillium notatum

kingdom fungi

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once considered plant-like organisms, are more closely related to animals than plants

fungi

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some fungal organisms multiply only through this, while some undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction with alternation of generations

asexual

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haploid cells that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular haploid individuals

spores

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role of fungi in ecosystem and participate in cycling of nutrients by breaking down organic materials to simple molecules

decomposers

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fungi often interact with other organisms, often forming this kind of association

beneficial or mutualistic associations

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fungus that connect with the roots of the plant where the fungus and plant exchange nutrients and water, greatly aiding the survival of both species

mycorrhizae

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association between a fungus and photosynthetic partner (usually alga)

lichens

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caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi, a particularly devastating type of fungal infestation that destroys many native species of elm (Ulmus sp.) by infecting the tree’s vascular system

dutch elm disease

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fungus that causes dutch elm disease

Ophiostoma ulmi

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acts as a vector, transmitting the dutch elm disease from tree to tree

elm bark

unlike bacteria, fungi does not respond to this

antibiotics therapy

may be proved deadly for individuals with compromised immune systems

fungal infections

Uses of fungi in commerce

baking brewing cheese and wine making

was originally classified as plants up until the mid-20th century

fungi

Arose mostly sessile and seemingly rooted in place

fungi

Possess a stem-like structure similar to plants as well as having a root-like fungal mycelium in the soil

fungi

fungi appeared in what era

pre-cambrian era

Molecular biology analysis of their genome demonstrated that they are more closely related to animals than plants

fungi

Polyphyletic group of organisms that share characteristics, rather than sharing a single common ancestor

fungi

study of fungi

mycology

the DNA in the nucleus of the fungi is wrapped around this, as also observed in other eukaryotic cells

histone proteins

few types of fungi have structures comparable to this, also known as loops of DNA

bacterial plasmids

Horizontal transfer of genetic information from one mature bacterium to another rarely occurs in fungi true or false

true

contain mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

fungal cells

Unlike plants, do not have chloroplasts or chlorophyll

fungi

many of these display bright colors arising from other cellular pigments, ranging from red to green to black

fungi

Some fungal pigments are toxic

fungi

also known as fly agaric, recognizable by its bright red cap with white patches

Amanita muscaria

pigments in fungi are often associated with this cellular structure, and play a protective role against UV radiation

cell wall

Like animal cells, fungal cells also have a thick cell wall true or false

true

protect the cell from desiccation and predators

cell wall

complex polysaccharides that make up rigid layers of fungal cell walls

chitin and glucans

also found in the exoskeleton of insects, give structural strength to the cell walls of fungi

chitin

fungi have a plasma membrane similar to other eukaryotes, except that it is stabilized by this

ergosterol

Steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes

ergosterol

flagella are produced only by the gametes in this primitive phylum of fungi what phylum

Phylum Chytridiomycota

can be unicellular or multicellular

vegetative body of a fungus

type of fungi that can change from the unicellular to multicellular state depending on environmental conditions

dimorphic

generally referred to as yeasts

unicellular fungi

also known as baker’s yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

agents of thrush, a common fungal infection

candida species

Two distinct morphological stages of multicellular fungi

vegetative reproductive

consist of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae morphological stage of fungi

vegetative

morphological stage of fungi that can be conspicuous morphological stage of fungi

reproductive

mass of a hyphae, can grow on surface, in soil, or decaying material, in a liquid, or even on living tissue

mycelium

Fungal hyphae can be (2)

septated coenocytic

coeno means

common

coeno means “common”, cytic means “cell”, with many nuclei present in a single hyphae

coenocytic

called honey mushroom, considered as the largest organism on Earth, spreading across more than 2,000 acres of underground soil in eastern Oregon

Armillaria solidipes

endwalls that separate most fungal hyphae

septa

In most fungi, tiny holes of these allow for the rapid flow of nutrients and small molecules from cell to cell along the hypha (perforated septa)

septa

also known as bread molds, have hyphae that are not separated by septa, instead they are formed by large cells containing many nuclei, an arrangement described as coenocytic hyphae

zygomycota

fungi thrive in this environment, and can grow with or without light

moist and slightly acidic

most fungi are these, requires oxygen to survive

obligative anaerobes

reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes

Chytridiomycota

use anaerobic respiration because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them

Obligate anaerobes

intermediate, being facultative anaerobes, meaning that they grow best in the presence of oxygen using aerobic respiration, but can survive using anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

yeast

Alcohol produced in this is used in wine and beer production

yeast

like animals, fungi are these, which use complex organic compounds as a source of carbon, rather than fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as do some bacteria and most plants

heterotrophs

fungi do not fix these, but instead get these from their diet

nitrogen

precedes ingestion, present in fungi (reverse in animals)

digestion

transported out of the hyphae, where they process nutrients in the environment

exoenzymes

after exoenzymes process nutrients in the environment, the smaller molecules are absorbed by this

Mycelium

polysaccharide of storage of fungal cells, rather than starch, fond in plants

Glycogen

organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter

Saprobes

– obtain nutrients from dead or decomposing organic matter: mainly plant material

fungi

able to break down insoluble polysaccharides, such as the cellulose and lignin of dead wood, into readily absorbable glucose molecules

fungal exoenzymes

Elements released onto the environment by fungi:

Carbon Nitrogen Other elements

fulfill an important ecological role and are being investigated as potential tools in bioremediation

Fungi

Some species can be used to break down diesel oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Fungi

heavy metals that fungi can take up

cadmium lead

Parasitic, infecting other plants and animals

fungi

fungi that affect plants (2)

smut dutch elm disease

medically important fungal infections in humans

Athlete's foot and candidiasis (truth)

in environment poor in nitrogen, some fungi resort to predation of these

nematodes

Small non-segemented roundworms

nematodes

species of them have a number of mechanisms to trap nematodes

Arthrobotrys

One involve chaonstricting rings within the network of hyphae, wherein the rings swell when they touch the nematode, gripping it in a tight hold

Arthrobotrys

specialized hyphae that fungi uses to penetrate the tissue of the worm

Haustoria

reproduce both sexually and asexuall

perfect fungi

reproduce only asexually (by mitosis)

imperfect fungi

in both sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi produce spores that disperse from the parent organism by either floating on the wind or hitching a ride on an animal

spores

smaller and lighter than plant seeds

fungal spores

primarily infects lungs but can spread to other tissues, causing histoplasmosis, a potentially fatal disease

Histoplasma capsulatum

– kind of mushroom that burst open and releases trillion of spores

giant puffball mushroom

The huge number of spores released increases the likelihood of landing in an environment that will support growth true or false

true

Fungi reproduce asexually by (3)

Fragmentation Budding Producing spores

in yeast, produces buds, wherein during budding, a bulge forms in the side of the cell, the nucleus divides mitotically, and the bud ultimately detaches itself from the mother cell

somatic cells

most common mode of asexual is through the formation of this, which are produced by one parent only (through mitosis) and are genetically identical to the parent

asexual spores

Originate in the fragmentation of hypha to form single cells that are released as spores

asexual spores

Have thick wall surrounding the fragment

asexual spores

allow fungi to expand their distribution and colonize new environments

spores

spores may be released from parent thallus either outside or within a special reproductive sac called ____

sporangium

Type of asexual spores (2)

conidiospore sporangiospore

unicellular or multicellular spores that are released directly from the tip or side of the hypha

conidiospore

asexual spores produced in a sporangium

sporangiospore

method of reproduction that introduces genetic variation into a population of fungi

sexual reproduction

Often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions

sexual reproduction

during sexual reproduction two mating types

homothallic heterothallic

both mating types occurs in the same mycelium during sexual fungal reproduction (self-fertile)

homothallic

require two different, but compatible mycelia to reproduce sexually

heterothallic

Three stages of fungal reproduction

plasmogamy karyogamy meiosis

literally means “marriage or union of cytoplasm”

plasmogamy

Two haploid cells fuse leading to a dikaryotic stage where two haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell which stage of fungal reproduction

plasmogamy

means “nuclear marriage”, the haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus

karyogamy

occurs in the gametangia (singular, gametangium) organs, in which gametes of different mating types are generated

meiosis

Stage where spores are disseminated into the environment fungal reproduction

meiosis

Five major phyla consists kingdom Fungi, were established according to their mode of what

sexual reproduction or using molecular data

sixth group, polyphyletic unrelated fungi that reproduce without a sexual cycle are placed here

form phylum

its sequencing continue to show new and different relationships between categories of fungi

18S rRNA

Five true phyla of fungi

Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota

chytrids phyla

chytridiomycota

conjugated fungi phyla

zygomycota

sac fungi phyla

ascomycota

club fungi

basidiomycota

older classification scheme group this fungi that strictly use asexual reproduction into this

Deuteromycota

only class in this phylum are the chytridiomycetes

Chytridiomycota

simplest, most recognizable primitive eumycota, or true fungi

Chytrids

First appeared during the late pre-cambrian period, more than 500 million years ago

Chytridiomycota

Have chitin on their cell walls, but one group has both cellulose and chitin in the cell wall

Chytridiomycota

Unicellular; a few form multicellular organisms and hyphae, which have no septa between cells (coenocytic)

Chytridiomycota

Produce gametes and diploid zoospores that swim with the help of single flagellum

Chytridiomycota

ecological habitat and cell structure of chytrids have much in common with this

protists

chytrids usually live in these environments, although some live on land

aquatic environments

chytrids species thrive as what on plants, insects, or amphibians, while others are saprobes

parasites

well characterized as an experimental organism, its reproductive cycle includes both asexual and sexual phases

allomyces

Produce diploid or haploid flagellated zoospores in a sporangium

allomyces

are in a relatively small group of fungi, include the familiar bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifera, which rapidly propagates on the surfaces of breads, fruits, and vegetables

Phylum Zygomycota

Most species are saprobes, living off decaying organic material

Phylum Zygomycota

Few are parasites, particularly of insects

Phylum Zygomycota

metabolic products of some species of these are intermediates in the synthesis of semi-synthetic steroid hormone

Rhizopus

Rhizopus belong to what phylum

Rhizopus

Thallus of Coenocytic hyphae in which the nuclei are haploid when the organism is in the vegetative stage

Phylum Zygomycota

Usually reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores

Zygomycota

have aseuxal and sexual life cycles, in the sexual life cycle, plus and minus mating types conjugate to form a ____

zygomycetes

the black tips of the bread mold are these, packed with black spores

Sporangia

when spores land on a suitable substrate, they germinate and produce a new what

Mycelium

starts when conditions become unfavorable

sexual reproduction

Two opposing mating strains (type + and type -) must be in close proximity for gametogangia from the hyphae to be produced and fuse, leading to _____

karyogamy

this developing spores have thick coats that protect them from desiccation and other hazards

zygospores

Remain dominant until environmental conditions are favorable

zygospores

When this germinates, it undergoes meiosis and produces haploid spores, which will, in turn, grown into a new organism

zygospores

form of sexual reproduction in fungi (differs markedly from conjugation in bacteria and protists)

conjugation

Gives rise to the name “conjugated fungi”

conjugation

majority of fungi belong to this phylum, which is characterized by the formation of an ascus (plural, asci)

ascomycota

lifecycle is characterized by the production of asci during the seuxal phase

ascomycota

predominant phase of ascomycota's life cycle haploid or diploid?

haploid

Parasitize plants and animals, including humans

ascomycetes

Not only infest and destroy crops directly; they also produce poisonous secondary metabolites that make crops unfit for consumption

ascomycota

sac-like structure that contains haploid ascospores

ascus

Ascomycetes are of commercial importance:

yeast truffles and morels

used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation

yeast

gourmet delicacies) of ascomycetes

truffles and morels

used in the fermentation of rice to produced sake

Aspergillus oryzae

fungal that poses a significant thread to AIDS patients who have a compromised immune system

pneumonia

produce hyphae divided by perforated septa, allowing streaming of cytoplasm from one cell to another

filamentous ascomycetes

spores used by ascomycetes for asexual reproductiopn

conidiospores

spores used by ascomycetes for sexual reproduction

asci

separates the conidia and asci from the vegetative hyphae

blocked septa

in ascomycetes, are frequent and involves production of conidiophores that release haploid conidiospores

asexual reproduction

in ascomycetes, start with the development of special hyphae from either one of two types of mating strains

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

male produces an

antheridium

female strain develops an

ascogonium

at fertilization, stage where antheridium and ascogonium combine without nuclear fusion

plasmogamy

hyphae that arises after plasmogamy in ascomycetes, in which pairs of nuclei

ascogenous hyphae

migrate: one from the “male” strain and one from the “female” strain

ascogenous hyphae

in this stage, two or more haploid ascospores fuse their nuclei

karyogamy

fruiting body filled by asci

ascocarp

stage where the diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei

meiosis

released after meiosis, germinate, and form hyphae that are disseminated in the environment and start a new mycelia

ascospores

easily recognizable under light microscope by their club-shaped fruiting bodies called basidia

basidiomycota

rust and smuts belong to what phyla

basidiomycota

➢toadstools ➢shelf fungi what phyla

basidiomycota

swollen, terminal cell of hypha in basidiomycetes

basidia

reproductive organs of fungi, are often contained within the familiar mushroom, commonly seen in fields after rain, on the supermarket shelves, growing on your lawn

basidia

basidiomycyes are sometimes referred to as this, because of the presence of gill-like structures on the underside of the cap

gill fungi

gills of the basidiomyces are actually this, on which the basidia are borne

compacted hyphae

basidiomycetes includes this, which cling to the bark of trees like small shelves

shelf fungus

causes severe respiratory illness

cryptococcus neoformans

lifecycle of basidiomycetes feature this, wherein spores are generally produced through sexual reproduction, rather than asexual reproduction

alternation of generations

dikaryotic stage of basidiomyces is the _____ dominant or recessive?

dominant stage

club-shaped basidium spores

basidiospores

mycelium that results from the generation and germination of monokaryotic hyphae

primary mycelium

mycelia of different mating strains can combine and produce this, containing haploid nuclei of two different mating strains

secondary mycelium

generates a basidiocarp, which is a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground

secondary mycelium

bears the developing basidia on the gills under its cap

basidiocarp

while deuteromycota used to be a classification group, recent molecular analysis has shown that the members classified in this group belong to this phyla

basidiomycota or asexual mycota

most live on land, with some aquatic exceptions

basidiomycota

form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance known as mold

basidiomycota

strictly asexual and occurs mostly by production of asexual conidiospores

basidiomycota

some may recombine and form heterokaryotic hyphae

basidiomycota

genetic recombination is known to take place between the different nuclei

basidiomycota

cheese are result of fungal growth

roquefort cheese and camembert

originally discovered on overgrown petri plate, on which a colony of penicillium fungi killed the bacterial growth surrounding it

penicillin

released by fungi of genus Aspergillus, producers of toxic compounds

alfatoxins

newly established phylum which comprises about 230 species that all live in close association with the roots of trees

glomeromycota

Do not reproduce sexually and do not survive without the presence of plant roots

glomeromycota

Coenocytic hyphae but they do not form zygospores

glomeromycota

Probably descended from a common ancestor, making them a monophyletic lineage

glomeromycota

all members of family of glomeromycotan form this

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Hyphae interact with the root cells forming a mutually beneficial association where the plants supply the carbon source and energy in the form of carbohydrates to the fungus, and the fungus supplies essential minerals from the soil to the plant

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

group of plants that are closest extant relative of early terrestrial plants

bryophytes

Lack lignin and other resistant structures, therefore it forming fossils is rather small

bryohpytes

Do not have tracheids (xylem cells specialized for water conduction), water instead circulate inside specialized conducting cells

bryophyte

Thrive in mostly damp habitats, although some live in deserts

bryophyte

Constitute major flora of inhospitable environments like tundra, where their small size and tolerance to desiccation offer distinct advantages

bryohphyte

Called non-vascular plants

bryophyte

including the photosynthetic leaf-like structures, the thallus, stem, and the rhizoid that anchors the plant to its substrate – belong to the haploid organism or gametophyte

vegetative organs

is barely noticeable in bryohphytes

sporophyte

formed by them swim in a flagellum in bryophytes

gametes

first bryophytes that appeared in the Ordovician period, about 450 million years ago

liverworts

protects spores leading to their survival and attributed to early bryophytes

sporopollenin

by this period, vascular plants have spread through the continents

silurian

multicellular sexual reproductive structure present in bryophytes and absent in the majority of algae

sporangium

part of the bryophyte that remains attached to the parent plant, which protects and nourishes it

embryo

Three phyla of bryophytes

Liverworts or hepaticophyta Hornworts or athocerotophyta Mosses or true bryophyta (musci)

also known as hepaticophyta, are viewed as the plants most closely related to the ancestor that moved to land

liverworts

colonized every terrestrial habitat on Earth and diversified to more than 7000 existing species

hepaticophyta

gametophyte form lobate green structures, similar to the lobes of the liver, and hence provides the origin of the name given to the phylum

hepaticophyta

openings that allow the movement of gases may be observed in

hepaticophyta

plant takes up water over its entire surface and has no cuticle to prevent dessication what bryophyte

hepaticophyta

The cycle starts with the release of haploid spores from the sporangium that developed on the sporophyte. Spores disseminated by wind or water germinate into flattened thalli attached to the substrate by thin, single-celled filaments. Male and female gametangia develop on separate, individual plants. what type of bryophte

hepaticophyta

male gametes swim to the female gametangium with the aid of this

flagella

zygote grows into this still attached to the parent gametophyte

sporophyte

liverworts can reproduce asexually by breaking of branches and spreading of leaf fragments called this

gemmae

small, intact, complete pieces of plant that are produced in a cup on the surface of the thallus

gemmae

also known as anthocerotophyta, colonized a variety of habitats on land, although they are never farm from source of moisture

hornworts

dominant is the short, blue-green gametophyte

hornworts

narrow pipe-like sporophyte is the defining characteristic of the group

hornworts

establish symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen with the environment

hornworts

follows a general pattern of alternation of generations

hornworts

emerge from the parent gametophyte and continue to grow throughout the life of the plant

sporophyte

appear in hornworts and are abundant on the sporophyte

stomata

grow as flat thalli on the soil with embedded gametangia what part in hornwort

gametophyte

thin cells in hornworts that surround the spores and help propel them further in the environment

pseudoelaters

single-celled structure unlike in horsetails

pseudoelaters

habitats vary from the tundra, where they are the main vegetation, to the understory of tropical forests

mosses

slow down erosion, store moisture, and soil nutrients, and provide shelter for small animals as well as food for larger herbivores, such as the musk ox

mosses

verry sensitive to air pollution, used to monitor air quality

mosses

sensitive to copper salts, so these salts are a common ingredient of compounds marketed to eliminate mosses from lawns

mosses

form diminutive gametophytes (dominant phase of the life cycle)

mosses

mosses part where it allows them to fasten to a substrate without penetrating the frozen soil

rhizoids

precursor of roots

rhizoids

part of the moss where green, flat structures-resembling true leaves are attached to this

central stalk

primitive traits of green algae, are present in mosses that are dependent on water for reproduction

flagellated sperm

in mosses, these are present and a primitive vascular system run up its stalk

sporophyte

tangle of single-celled filaments that hug the ground, first formed by a haploid spore of mosses

protonema

contains tubular cells that transfer nutrients from the base of the sporophyte to the sporangium or capsule

setae

structure that increases the spread of spores after the tip of the capsule falls off at dispersal

peristome

the concentric tissue around the mouth of the capsule is made of triangular, close-fitting units, a little like “teeth”; these open and close depending on moisture levels, and periodically release spores.

peristome