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Systematic Biology > Fungi, Mosses, Worts > Flashcards

Fungi, Mosses, Worts Flashcards

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1
Q

spore-producing organisms

A

cryptograms

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2
Q

Includes ferns and fern allies but they are included with the flowering plants

A

cryptograms

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3
Q

Means only ‘spore producing organisms other than ferns and ferns allies’

A

cryptograms

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4
Q

nclude fungi, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

A

cryptograms

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5
Q

Spore producing structures include and are often referred to as fruit bodies (3)

A

mushrooms
puffballs
stinkhorns

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6
Q

permanent, feeding part of the fungus is out of sight (wood, soil, dung, etc.) and consist of network of fine threads

A

mycelium

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7
Q

The fungal individual, just as a tree (not of any of its fruits) is the individual

A

mycelium

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8
Q

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts make up these

A

bryophytes

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9
Q

come from the latin word for mushrooms

A

FUNGUS

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10
Q

many fungi species that do not produce this at all

A

MUSHROOMS

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11
Q

being eukaryotes, a typical cell of this contain a true nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles

A

fungal cell

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12
Q

includes an enormous variety of living organisms collectively known as Eucomycota

A

kingdom

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13
Q

100,000 fungi were identified by scientist

A

kingdom fungi

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14
Q

1.5 million species of fungi likely present on Earth

A

kingdom fungi

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15
Q

Edible mushrooms, yeasts, black mold, penicillium notatum

A

kingdom fungi

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16
Q

once considered plant-like organisms, are more closely related to animals than plants

A

fungi

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17
Q

some fungal organisms multiply only through this, while some undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction with alternation of generations

A

asexual

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18
Q

haploid cells that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular haploid individuals

A

spores

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19
Q

role of fungi in ecosystem and participate in cycling of nutrients by breaking down organic materials to simple molecules

A

decomposers

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20
Q

fungi often interact with other organisms, often forming this kind of association

A

beneficial or mutualistic associations

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21
Q

fungus that connect with the roots of the plant where the fungus and plant exchange nutrients and water, greatly aiding the survival of both species

A

mycorrhizae

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22
Q

association between a fungus and photosynthetic partner (usually alga)

A

lichens

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23
Q

caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi, a particularly devastating type of fungal infestation that destroys many native species of elm (Ulmus sp.) by infecting the tree’s vascular system

A

dutch elm disease

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24
Q

fungus that causes dutch elm disease

A

Ophiostoma ulmi

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25
Q

acts as a vector, transmitting the dutch elm disease from tree to tree

A

elm bark

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26
Q

unlike bacteria, fungi does not respond to this

A

antibiotics therapy

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27
Q

may be proved deadly for individuals with compromised immune systems

A

fungal infections

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28
Q

Uses of fungi in commerce

A

baking
brewing
cheese and wine making

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29
Q

was originally classified as plants up until the mid-20th century

A

fungi

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30
Q

Arose mostly sessile and seemingly rooted in place

A

fungi

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31
Q

Possess a stem-like structure similar to plants as well as having a root-like fungal mycelium in the soil

A

fungi

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32
Q

fungi appeared in what era

A

pre-cambrian era

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33
Q

Molecular biology analysis of their genome demonstrated that they are more closely related to animals than plants

A

fungi

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34
Q

Polyphyletic group of organisms that share characteristics, rather than sharing a single common ancestor

A

fungi

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35
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

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36
Q

the DNA in the nucleus of the fungi is wrapped around this, as also observed in other eukaryotic cells

A

histone proteins

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37
Q

few types of fungi have structures comparable to this, also known as loops of DNA

A

bacterial plasmids

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38
Q

Horizontal transfer of genetic information from one mature bacterium to another rarely occurs in fungi

true or false

A

true

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39
Q

contain mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

A

fungal cells

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40
Q

Unlike plants, do not have chloroplasts or chlorophyll

A

fungi

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41
Q

many of these display bright colors arising from other cellular pigments, ranging from red to green to black

A

fungi

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42
Q

Some fungal pigments are toxic

A

fungi

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43
Q

also known as fly agaric, recognizable by its bright red cap with white patches

A

Amanita muscaria

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44
Q

pigments in fungi are often associated with this cellular structure, and play a protective role against UV radiation

A

cell wall

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45
Q

Like animal cells, fungal cells also have a thick cell wall

true or false

A

true

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46
Q

protect the cell from desiccation and predators

A

cell wall

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47
Q

complex polysaccharides that make up rigid layers of fungal cell walls

A

chitin and glucans

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48
Q

also found in the exoskeleton of insects, give structural strength to the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

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49
Q

fungi have a plasma membrane similar to other eukaryotes, except that it is stabilized by this

A

ergosterol

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50
Q

Steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes

A

ergosterol

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51
Q

flagella are produced only by the gametes in this primitive phylum of fungi

what phylum

A

Phylum Chytridiomycota

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52
Q

can be unicellular or multicellular

A

vegetative body of a fungus

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53
Q

type of fungi that can change from the unicellular to multicellular state depending on environmental conditions

A

dimorphic

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54
Q

generally referred to as yeasts

A

unicellular fungi

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55
Q

also known as baker’s yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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56
Q

agents of thrush, a common fungal infection

A

candida species

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57
Q

Two distinct morphological stages of multicellular fungi

A

vegetative
reproductive

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58
Q

consist of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae

morphological stage of fungi

A

vegetative

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59
Q

morphological stage of fungi that can be conspicuous

morphological stage of fungi

A

reproductive

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60
Q

mass of a hyphae, can grow on surface, in soil, or decaying material, in a liquid, or even on living tissue

A

mycelium

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61
Q

Fungal hyphae can be (2)

A

septated
coenocytic

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62
Q

coeno means

A

common

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63
Q

coeno means “common”, cytic means “cell”, with many nuclei present in a single hyphae

A

coenocytic

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64
Q

called honey mushroom, considered as the largest organism on Earth, spreading across more than 2,000 acres of underground soil in eastern Oregon

A

Armillaria solidipes

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65
Q

endwalls that separate most fungal hyphae

A

septa

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66
Q

In most fungi, tiny holes of these allow for the rapid flow of nutrients and small molecules from cell to cell along the hypha (perforated septa)

A

septa

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67
Q

also known as bread molds, have hyphae that are not separated by septa, instead they are formed by large cells containing many nuclei, an arrangement described as coenocytic hyphae

A

zygomycota

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68
Q

fungi thrive in this environment, and can grow with or without light

A

moist and slightly acidic

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69
Q

most fungi are these, requires oxygen to survive

A

obligative anaerobes

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70
Q

reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes

A

Chytridiomycota

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71
Q

use anaerobic respiration because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them

A

Obligate anaerobes

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72
Q

intermediate, being facultative anaerobes, meaning that they grow best in the presence of oxygen using aerobic respiration, but can survive using anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

A

yeast

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73
Q

Alcohol produced in this is used in wine and beer production

A

yeast

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74
Q

like animals, fungi are these, which use complex organic compounds as a source of carbon, rather than fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as do some bacteria and most plants

A

heterotrophs

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75
Q

fungi do not fix these, but instead get these from their diet

A

nitrogen

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76
Q

precedes ingestion, present in fungi (reverse in animals)

A

digestion

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77
Q

transported out of the hyphae, where they process nutrients in the environment

A

exoenzymes

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78
Q

after exoenzymes process nutrients in the environment, the smaller molecules are absorbed by this

A

Mycelium

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79
Q

polysaccharide of storage of fungal cells, rather than starch, fond in plants

A

Glycogen

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80
Q

organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter

A

Saprobes

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81
Q

– obtain nutrients from dead or decomposing organic matter: mainly plant material

A

fungi

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82
Q

able to break down insoluble polysaccharides, such as the cellulose and lignin of dead wood, into readily absorbable glucose molecules

A

fungal exoenzymes

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83
Q

Elements released onto the environment by fungi:

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Other elements

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84
Q

fulfill an important ecological role and are being investigated as potential tools in bioremediation

A

Fungi

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85
Q

Some species can be used to break down diesel oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

A

Fungi

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86
Q

heavy metals that fungi can take up

A

cadmium
lead

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87
Q

Parasitic, infecting other plants and animals

A

fungi

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88
Q

fungi that affect plants (2)

A

smut
dutch elm disease

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89
Q

medically important fungal infections in humans

A

Athlete’s foot and candidiasis (truth)

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90
Q

in environment poor in nitrogen, some fungi resort to predation of these

A

nematodes

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91
Q

Small non-segemented roundworms

A

nematodes

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92
Q

species of them have a number of mechanisms to trap nematodes

A

Arthrobotrys

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93
Q

One involve chaonstricting rings within the network of hyphae, wherein the rings swell when they touch the nematode, gripping it in a tight hold

A

Arthrobotrys

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94
Q

specialized hyphae that fungi uses to penetrate the tissue of the worm

A

Haustoria

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95
Q

reproduce both sexually and asexuall

A

perfect fungi

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96
Q

reproduce only asexually (by mitosis)

A

imperfect fungi

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97
Q

in both sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi produce spores that disperse from the parent organism by either floating on the wind or hitching a ride on an animal

A

spores

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98
Q

smaller and lighter than plant seeds

A

fungal spores

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99
Q

primarily infects lungs but can spread to other tissues, causing histoplasmosis, a potentially fatal disease

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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100
Q

– kind of mushroom that burst open and releases trillion of spores

A

giant puffball mushroom

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101
Q

The huge number of spores released increases the likelihood of landing in an environment that will support
growth

true or false

A

true

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102
Q

Fungi reproduce asexually by (3)

A

Fragmentation
Budding
Producing spores

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103
Q

in yeast, produces buds, wherein during budding, a bulge forms in the side of the cell, the nucleus divides mitotically, and the bud ultimately detaches itself from the mother cell

A

somatic cells

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104
Q

most common mode of asexual is through the formation of this, which are produced by one parent only (through mitosis) and are genetically identical to the parent

A

asexual spores

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105
Q

Originate in the fragmentation of hypha to form single cells that are released as spores

A

asexual spores

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106
Q

Have thick wall surrounding the fragment

A

asexual spores

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107
Q

allow fungi to expand their distribution and colonize new environments

A

spores

108
Q

spores may be released from parent thallus either outside or within a special reproductive sac called ____

A

sporangium

109
Q

Type of asexual spores (2)

A

conidiospore
sporangiospore

110
Q

unicellular or multicellular spores that are released directly from the tip or side of the hypha

A

conidiospore

111
Q

asexual spores produced in a sporangium

A

sporangiospore

112
Q

method of reproduction that introduces genetic variation into a population of fungi

A

sexual reproduction

113
Q

Often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions

A

sexual reproduction

114
Q

during sexual reproduction two mating types

A

homothallic
heterothallic

115
Q

both mating types occurs in the same mycelium during sexual fungal reproduction (self-fertile)

A

homothallic

116
Q

require two different, but compatible mycelia to reproduce sexually

A

heterothallic

117
Q

Three stages of fungal reproduction

A

plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis

118
Q

literally means “marriage or union of cytoplasm”

A

plasmogamy

119
Q

Two haploid cells fuse leading to a dikaryotic stage where two haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell

which stage of fungal reproduction

A

plasmogamy

120
Q

means “nuclear marriage”, the haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus

A

karyogamy

121
Q

occurs in the gametangia (singular, gametangium) organs, in which gametes of different mating types are generated

A

meiosis

122
Q

Stage where spores are disseminated into the environment

fungal reproduction

A

meiosis

123
Q

Five major phyla consists kingdom Fungi, were established according to their mode of what

A

sexual reproduction or using molecular data

124
Q

sixth group, polyphyletic unrelated fungi that reproduce without a sexual cycle are placed here

A

form phylum

125
Q

its sequencing continue to show new and different relationships between categories of fungi

A

18S rRNA

126
Q

Five true phyla of fungi

A

Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Glomeromycota

127
Q

chytrids phyla

A

chytridiomycota

128
Q

conjugated fungi phyla

A

zygomycota

129
Q

sac fungi phyla

A

ascomycota

130
Q

club fungi

A

basidiomycota

131
Q

older classification scheme group this fungi that strictly use asexual reproduction into this

A

Deuteromycota

132
Q

only class in this phylum are the chytridiomycetes

A

Chytridiomycota

133
Q

simplest, most recognizable primitive eumycota, or true fungi

A

Chytrids

134
Q

First appeared during the late pre-cambrian period, more than 500 million years ago

A

Chytridiomycota

135
Q

Have chitin on their cell walls, but one group has both cellulose and chitin in the cell wall

A

Chytridiomycota

136
Q

Unicellular; a few form multicellular organisms and hyphae, which have no septa between cells (coenocytic)

A

Chytridiomycota

137
Q

Produce gametes and diploid zoospores that swim with the help of single flagellum

A

Chytridiomycota

138
Q

ecological habitat and cell structure of chytrids have much in common with this

A

protists

139
Q

chytrids usually live in these environments, although some live on land

A

aquatic environments

140
Q

chytrids species thrive as what on plants, insects, or amphibians, while others are saprobes

A

parasites

141
Q

well characterized as an experimental organism, its reproductive cycle includes both asexual and sexual phases

A

allomyces

142
Q

Produce diploid or haploid flagellated zoospores in a sporangium

A

allomyces

143
Q

are in a relatively small group of fungi, include the familiar bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifera, which rapidly propagates on the surfaces of breads, fruits, and vegetables

A

Phylum Zygomycota

144
Q

Most species are saprobes, living off decaying organic material

A

Phylum Zygomycota

145
Q

Few are parasites, particularly of insects

A

Phylum Zygomycota

146
Q

metabolic products of some species of these are intermediates in the synthesis of semi-synthetic steroid hormone

A

Rhizopus

147
Q

Rhizopus belong to what phylum

A

Rhizopus

148
Q

Thallus of Coenocytic hyphae in which the nuclei are haploid when the organism is in the vegetative stage

A

Phylum Zygomycota

149
Q

Usually reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores

A

Zygomycota

150
Q

have aseuxal and sexual life cycles, in the sexual life cycle, plus and minus mating types conjugate to form a ____

A

zygomycetes

151
Q

the black tips of the bread mold are these, packed with black spores

A

Sporangia

152
Q

when spores land on a suitable substrate, they germinate and produce a new what

A

Mycelium

153
Q

starts when conditions become unfavorable

A

sexual reproduction

154
Q

Two opposing mating strains (type + and type -) must be in close proximity for gametogangia from the hyphae to be produced and fuse, leading to _____

A

karyogamy

155
Q

this developing spores have thick coats that protect them from desiccation and other hazards

A

zygospores

156
Q

Remain dominant until environmental conditions are favorable

A

zygospores

157
Q

When this germinates, it undergoes meiosis and produces haploid spores, which will, in turn, grown into a new organism

A

zygospores

158
Q

form of sexual reproduction in fungi (differs markedly from conjugation in bacteria and protists)

A

conjugation

159
Q

Gives rise to the name “conjugated fungi”

A

conjugation

160
Q

majority of fungi belong to this phylum, which is characterized by the formation of an ascus (plural, asci)

A

ascomycota

161
Q

lifecycle is characterized by the production of asci during the seuxal phase

A

ascomycota

162
Q

predominant phase of ascomycota’s life cycle

haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

163
Q

Parasitize plants and animals, including humans

A

ascomycetes

164
Q

Not only infest and destroy crops directly; they also produce poisonous secondary metabolites that make crops unfit for consumption

A

ascomycota

165
Q

sac-like structure that contains haploid ascospores

A

ascus

166
Q

Ascomycetes are of commercial importance:

A

yeast
truffles and morels

167
Q

used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation

A

yeast

168
Q

gourmet delicacies) of ascomycetes

A

truffles and morels

169
Q

used in the fermentation of rice to produced sake

A

Aspergillus oryzae

170
Q

fungal that poses a significant thread to AIDS patients who have a compromised immune system

A

pneumonia

171
Q

produce hyphae divided by perforated septa, allowing streaming of cytoplasm from one cell to another

A

filamentous ascomycetes

172
Q

spores used by ascomycetes for asexual reproductiopn

A

conidiospores

173
Q

spores used by ascomycetes for sexual reproduction

A

asci

174
Q

separates the conidia and asci from the vegetative hyphae

A

blocked septa

175
Q

in ascomycetes, are frequent and involves production of conidiophores that release haploid conidiospores

A

asexual reproduction

176
Q

in ascomycetes, start with the development of special hyphae from either one of two types of mating strains

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

177
Q

male produces an

A

antheridium

178
Q

female strain develops an

A

ascogonium

179
Q

at fertilization, stage where antheridium and ascogonium combine without nuclear fusion

A

plasmogamy

180
Q

hyphae that arises after plasmogamy in ascomycetes, in which pairs of nuclei

A

ascogenous hyphae

181
Q

migrate: one from the “male” strain
and one from the “female” strain

A

ascogenous hyphae

182
Q

in this stage, two or more haploid ascospores fuse their nuclei

A

karyogamy

183
Q

fruiting body filled by asci

A

ascocarp

184
Q

stage where the diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei

A

meiosis

185
Q

released after meiosis, germinate, and form hyphae that are disseminated in the environment and start a new mycelia

A

ascospores

186
Q

easily recognizable under light microscope by their club-shaped fruiting bodies called basidia

A

basidiomycota

187
Q

rust and smuts belong to what phyla

A

basidiomycota

188
Q

➢toadstools
➢shelf fungi

what phyla

A

basidiomycota

189
Q

swollen, terminal cell of hypha in basidiomycetes

A

basidia

190
Q

reproductive organs of fungi, are often contained within the familiar mushroom, commonly seen in fields after rain, on the supermarket shelves, growing on your lawn

A

basidia

191
Q

basidiomycyes are sometimes referred to as this, because of the presence of gill-like structures on the underside of the cap

A

gill fungi

192
Q

gills of the basidiomyces are actually this, on which the basidia are borne

A

compacted hyphae

193
Q

basidiomycetes includes this, which cling to the bark of trees like small shelves

A

shelf fungus

194
Q

causes severe respiratory illness

A

cryptococcus neoformans

195
Q

lifecycle of basidiomycetes feature this, wherein spores are generally produced through sexual reproduction, rather than asexual reproduction

A

alternation of generations

196
Q

dikaryotic stage of basidiomyces is the _____

dominant or recessive?

A

dominant stage

197
Q

club-shaped basidium spores

A

basidiospores

198
Q

mycelium that results from the generation and germination of monokaryotic hyphae

A

primary mycelium

199
Q

mycelia of different mating strains can combine and produce this, containing haploid nuclei of two different mating strains

A

secondary mycelium

200
Q

generates a basidiocarp, which is a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground

A

secondary mycelium

201
Q

bears the developing basidia on the gills under its cap

A

basidiocarp

202
Q

while deuteromycota used to be a classification group, recent molecular analysis has shown that the members classified in this group belong to this phyla

A

basidiomycota or asexual mycota

203
Q

most live on land, with some aquatic exceptions

A

basidiomycota

204
Q

form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance known as mold

A

basidiomycota

205
Q

strictly asexual and occurs mostly by production of asexual conidiospores

A

basidiomycota

206
Q

some may recombine and form heterokaryotic hyphae

A

basidiomycota

207
Q

genetic recombination is known to take place between the different nuclei

A

basidiomycota

208
Q

cheese are result of fungal growth

A

roquefort cheese and camembert

209
Q

originally discovered on overgrown petri plate, on which a colony of penicillium fungi killed the bacterial growth surrounding it

A

penicillin

210
Q

released by fungi of genus Aspergillus, producers of toxic compounds

A

alfatoxins

211
Q

newly established phylum which comprises about 230 species that all live in close association with the roots of trees

A

glomeromycota

212
Q

Do not reproduce sexually and do not survive without the presence of plant roots

A

glomeromycota

213
Q

Coenocytic hyphae but they do not form zygospores

A

glomeromycota

214
Q

Probably descended from a common ancestor, making them a monophyletic lineage

A

glomeromycota

215
Q

all members of family of glomeromycotan form this

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae

216
Q

Hyphae interact with the root cells forming a mutually beneficial association where the plants supply the carbon source and energy in the form of carbohydrates to the fungus, and the fungus supplies essential minerals from the soil to the plant

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

217
Q

group of plants that are closest extant relative of early terrestrial plants

A

bryophytes

218
Q

Lack lignin and other resistant structures, therefore it forming fossils is rather small

A

bryohpytes

219
Q

Do not have tracheids (xylem cells specialized for water conduction), water instead circulate inside specialized conducting cells

A

bryophyte

220
Q

Thrive in mostly damp habitats, although some live in deserts

A

bryophyte

221
Q

Constitute major flora of inhospitable environments like tundra, where their small size and tolerance to desiccation offer distinct advantages

A

bryohphyte

222
Q

Called non-vascular plants

A

bryophyte

223
Q

including the photosynthetic leaf-like structures, the thallus, stem,
and the rhizoid that anchors the plant to its substrate – belong to the haploid organism or gametophyte

A

vegetative organs

224
Q

is barely noticeable in bryohphytes

A

sporophyte

225
Q

formed by them swim in a flagellum in bryophytes

A

gametes

226
Q

first bryophytes that appeared in the Ordovician period, about 450 million years ago

A

liverworts

227
Q

protects spores leading to their survival and attributed to early bryophytes

A

sporopollenin

228
Q

by this period, vascular plants have spread through the continents

A

silurian

229
Q

multicellular sexual reproductive structure present in bryophytes and absent in the majority of algae

A

sporangium

230
Q

part of the bryophyte that remains attached to the parent plant, which protects and nourishes it

A

embryo

231
Q

Three phyla of bryophytes

A

Liverworts or hepaticophyta
Hornworts or athocerotophyta
Mosses or true bryophyta (musci)

232
Q

also known as hepaticophyta, are viewed as the plants most closely related to the ancestor that moved to land

A

liverworts

233
Q

colonized every terrestrial habitat on Earth and diversified to more than 7000
existing species

A

hepaticophyta

234
Q

gametophyte form lobate green structures, similar to the lobes of the liver, and hence provides the origin of the name given to the phylum

A

hepaticophyta

235
Q

openings that allow the movement of gases may be observed in

A

hepaticophyta

236
Q

plant takes up water over its entire surface and has no cuticle to prevent dessication

what bryophyte

A

hepaticophyta

237
Q

The cycle starts with the release of haploid spores from the sporangium that developed on the sporophyte. Spores disseminated by wind or water germinate into flattened thalli attached to the substrate by thin, single-celled filaments. Male and female gametangia develop on separate, individual plants.

what type of bryophte

A

hepaticophyta

238
Q

male gametes swim to the female gametangium with the aid of this

A

flagella

239
Q

zygote grows into this still attached to the parent gametophyte

A

sporophyte

240
Q

liverworts can reproduce asexually by breaking of branches and spreading of leaf fragments called this

A

gemmae

241
Q

small, intact, complete pieces of plant that are produced in a cup on the surface of the thallus

A

gemmae

242
Q

also known as anthocerotophyta, colonized a variety of habitats on land, although they are never farm from source of moisture

A

hornworts

243
Q

dominant is the short, blue-green gametophyte

A

hornworts

244
Q

narrow pipe-like sporophyte is the defining characteristic of the group

A

hornworts

245
Q

establish symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen with the environment

A

hornworts

246
Q

follows a general pattern of alternation of generations

A

hornworts

247
Q

emerge from the parent gametophyte and continue to grow throughout the life of the plant

A

sporophyte

248
Q

appear in hornworts and are abundant on the sporophyte

A

stomata

249
Q

grow as flat thalli on the soil with embedded gametangia

what part in hornwort

A

gametophyte

250
Q

thin cells in hornworts that surround the spores and help propel them further in the environment

A

pseudoelaters

251
Q

single-celled structure unlike in horsetails

A

pseudoelaters

252
Q

habitats vary from the tundra, where they are the main vegetation, to the understory of tropical forests

A

mosses

253
Q

slow down erosion, store moisture, and soil nutrients, and provide shelter for small animals as well as food for larger herbivores, such as the musk ox

A

mosses

254
Q

verry sensitive to air pollution, used to monitor air quality

A

mosses

255
Q

sensitive to copper salts, so these salts are a common ingredient of compounds marketed to eliminate mosses from lawns

A

mosses

256
Q

form diminutive gametophytes (dominant phase of the life cycle)

A

mosses

257
Q

mosses part where it allows them to fasten to a substrate without penetrating the frozen soil

A

rhizoids

258
Q

precursor of roots

A

rhizoids

259
Q

part of the moss where green, flat structures-resembling true leaves are attached to this

A

central stalk

260
Q

primitive traits of green algae, are present in mosses that are dependent on water for reproduction

A

flagellated sperm

261
Q

in mosses, these are present and a primitive vascular system run up its stalk

A

sporophyte

262
Q

tangle of single-celled filaments that hug the ground, first formed by a haploid spore of mosses

A

protonema

263
Q

contains tubular cells that transfer nutrients from the base of the sporophyte to the sporangium or capsule

A

setae

264
Q

structure that increases the spread of spores after the tip of the capsule falls off at dispersal

A

peristome

265
Q

the concentric tissue around the mouth of the capsule is made of triangular, close-fitting units, a little like “teeth”; these open and close depending on moisture levels, and periodically release spores.

A

peristome

266
Q
A

Systematic Biology (18 decks)

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