Porifera and Cnidaria Flashcards
porus means
pore
ferre mean
to bear
Pore bearer
porifera
they are primitive, sessile, mostly marine, water dwelling, filter feeders that pump through their bodies to filter out particles of food matter
porifera
represent the simplest of animals, with no true tissue (parazoa), they lack muscles, nerves and internal organs
sponges
Porifera’s similarity to colonial ______shows the probable evolutionary jump from unicellular to multicellular organisms.
choanoflagellates
also known as collar cells
Choanocytes
function as the sponges’ digestive system
choanocytes
are tubular cells that make up the pores into the sponge body through the mesohyl
porocytes
cells that are composed of microvilli and are used to filter particles out of the water current
collars
which form the pincoderm, the outer epidermal layer of the cells
pinacocytes
are modified pinacocytes which control the size of the osculum and pore openings and thus the water flow
mycocytes
have many functions, they are totipotent cells which can transform into sclerocytes, spongocytes, or collencytes
archeocytes or amoebocytes
hey also have a role in nutrient transport and sexual reproduction
archeocytes/amoebocytes
secretes calcareous siliceous spicules which reside in the mesohyl
sclerocytes
secretes spongi collagen-like fibers which makes up the mesohyl
spongocytes
secrete collagen
collencytes
are flattened rods or spikes made of calcium carbonate or silica which is used for structure and defense
spicules
ells are arranged in a gelatinous non-cellular matrix called
mesohyl
three body types of sponges
ascanoid
syconoid
leuconoid
four classes of sponges
Calcarea
Hexactenellida
Demospongiae
Sclerospongiae
bony sponges
Calcarea
glass sponge
Hexactenellida
spongin
Demospongiae
coralline sponges
Sclerospongiae
includes the hydras, jellyfishes, anemones, and corals.
Cnidaria or Coelenterata
These are carnivorous, tentaculate and multicellular animals represent the tissue level of organization since they lack organ or organ system
Cnidaria
stinging organelles
nematocysts
They possess two basic metazoan features a mouth where all the materials enter and exit and gastrovascular cavity
Cnidaria
which serves as internal space for digestion and distribution of nutrients and other materials in Cnidaria
coelenteron
There are two basic forms of cnidarians
polyp
medusa
form of cnidaria seen in jellyfish
medusa
form of cnidaria seen in hydroid
polyp
sessile and a tubular with a mouth in a hypostome at the distal end that is usually surrounded by tentacles
polyp
is typically free swimming and umbrella shaped, with tentacles extending from the outer margin of the bundle.
medusa
Both from the medusa and polyp are composed of the same body layers such as (3)
epidermis
mesoglea
endoderm
is common in Cnidarian and often associated with their colonial existence.
polymorphism
are monoecious and dioecious
Cnidaria
the simpler Cnidarians
Hydrozoa
which are often called the true jellyfish
Scyphozoa
the cube shaped jellyfish
Cubomedusae (cubozoa)
the largest cnidarian classes which includes sea anemones and corals
Anthozoa
more than one body form
polymorphism
Tube with tentacles
around the mouth
Sessile
polyp/medusa?
polyp
sea anemone is polyp or medusa?
polyp
Umbrella shape
Tentacles around mouth
Motile, Free-swimming
medusa/polyp
medusa
Coiled thread discharges
like a harpoon
tentacles
part of cnidaria that contains neurotoxin and paralyzes prey
tentacles
do cnidaria have tissues and organs?
answer individually
tissue - yes
organs - no
where does most cnidaria live
marine
most/few cnidaria live in freshwater
few
feeding pattern of cnidaria
carnivores
part of cnidaria that constitutes an incomplete digestive tract
no anus
respiration of cnidaria is through
diffusion
do cnidaria have nervous system
no
what type of net does cnidaria have around their mouth
nerve net
sensory cells for chemicals
chemoreceptors
sensory cells for touch
thigmoreceptors
light receptors
photoreceptors
eyespots
ocelli
sensory cells for balance
statocysts
Hydra tumbles on ____
tentacles
Sea anemones glide on
pedal disc
asexual method of reproduction in cnidaria
budding
sexual method of medusae
sperm and eggs
ecological role of cnidarians
Predators and prey
Neurotoxins in medical research
Coral – jewelry, building, reefs (surfing!)
Coral reefs - habitat for many
-great biodiversity
- protect coastline
E. Symbiosis with other organisms
class of sea anemones
anthozoa
class of corals
anthozoa
class of green hydra
hydrozoa
class of true jellyfish
scyphozoa
class of box jellyfish
cubozoa
Among the first of multicellular (Metazoan) animals
proferans
sponges are perforated by numerous minute incurrent
poriferans
incurrent pores of poriferans
ostium
excurrent pores of poriferans
osculum
least common body type of porifera
ascon
most common body type of porifera
leucon
Stiffened rods or spikes made of calcium carbonate or silica which are used for structure and defense
spicules
calcareous or siliceous skeleton
spicules
protein fibers
spongin
large spicules 0.1 mm to over 1.0 mm long. These may fuse to form a coherent framework.
megascleres
small spicules 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm long
microscleres
These are scattered all over the body in porifera
spicules
one ray
monoactine
two rays
diactine
three rays
triactine
six rays
hexactine
- Multi-rayed
polyactine
proteinaceous matrix that
contains skeletal material
and certain cell types
equivalent to the
connective tissue
in other organisms
made of collagen and
spongin
mesohyl
-Entirely marine, usually in shallow water.
-All three body types occur (asconoid, sycoid, leuconoid)
-Spicules exclusively composed of calcium carbonate.
-Spicules in most species have three points, in some species they have either two or four points.
-Small less than 10 cm. in height
Class Calcarea
-Vary from radially symmetrical vase-shaped body types , tubular
-The skeleton has either a mesh or honeycomb structure.
Calcarea
Family Leucosoleniidae
Family Grantiidae
Calcarea
-All members of this family are marine, asconoid and contained in a single genus
-Found in intertidal zone to depths exceeding
2400 m.
what Family under Class Calcarea
Leucosolenia
All marine species
Distributed from the intertidal zone to depths of about 2200 m
what family under Calcaraea
Grantiidae
Vase-shaped sycon sponge
Grantia
-are relatively uncommon and are mostly found at depths from 450 to 900 metres (1,480 to 3,000 ft)
-Radially symmetrical
-A skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed siliceous spicules.
-It forms a sturdy lattice-like internal skeletons made up of fused spicules of silica.
-They are more-or-less cup-shaped animals, ranging from 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 12 in) in height.
Hexactenellida (Glass sponges)
They are more-or-less cup-shaped animals, ranging from 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 12 in) in height.
Syconoid (Euplectella)
Hexactenellida
Venus’s flower basket
Found in depths from
100 m to 5200 m.
what organism and family?
F- Euplectellidae
S- Euplectella
This species can be found attached to rocky parts of the sea floor in the western Pacific near the Philippines.
Euplectella aspergillum
-80-90% of all sponges species
-Skeleton: siliceous spicules, spongin fibers or both
-Leuconoid
-Forms: thin and encrusting, erect and
branching, multilobed, spherical, tubular
-A single individual may
exceed 2 m in diameter
With 65 families
Demospongiae
Known in the market as grass sponges, members of the genus Spongiainclude coarse, commercial natural sponges that have irregularly tufted surfaces. In Florida and the West Indies,S. gramineaandS. equinasupported thriving sponge diving industries until the advent of synthetic sponge materials
Spngia species
only found on coral reefs in the West Indies and Pacific, where they contribute to the structure of the reefs
Sclerospongia
Coralline sponges, which are mostly known from fossil
what class
Sclerospongiae
Calcareous spicules
Needle shaped (monoaxon) or three or four pointed spicules
Asconoid, Leuconoid and Synocoid body plan
Shallow marine habitat
what class
Class Calcarea
Six side silica spicules
Syncitial, without regular arrangement of water channels
All marine, most in deep water
what class
Hexactennelida
Siliceous spicules or spongin network
Leuconoid body plan
Marine and fresh water
Intertidal zones to great depths
what class
Demospongiae
Hard sponges
Siliceus spicules and spongin – internal
Calcium carbonate – outer covering
Leuconoid body plan
Deep water marine habitat
what class
Sclerospongiae
are the simplest form of organism but considered also as true animals. They don’t have true tissues and organs
Parazoans
do sponge belong to Parazoans?
yes
Sponges with photosynthesizing endosymbionts produce up to three times more oxygen than they consume, as well as more organic matter than they consume
what ecological importance
primary producers
Such contributions to their habitats’ resources are significant along Autralia’s Great Barrier Reef but relatively minor in Carribean.
who as primary producers?
sponge as primary producers
ecological importance of sponge (3)
As primary producers
Collaboration with other organisms
Serve as protective houses for marine animals.
