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Systematic Biology > Angiosperms and Gymnosperms > Flashcards

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

seeds form on the surface of leaves or branches of cones and are
“exposed” in the sense that they are not completely enclosed within a fruit

A

gymnosperms

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2
Q

gymnosperm seeds result from a single/double fertilization of sperm and egg

A

single

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3
Q

the developing embryo is being nourished by the megagametophyte tissue

A

gymnosperm

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4
Q

result from a double fertilization of sperm with egg and with two
nuclei of the megagametophyte (female gametophyte)

A

angiosperm seeds

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5
Q

the nourishment is provided by ____ in angiosperms, formed by the union of a sperm
with two nuclei of the megagametophyte

A

endosperm

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6
Q

evolved relatively late in the history of plant life

A

seeds

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7
Q

for about 100 million years after the origin of plants from ____ _____, only
seedless plants existed

A

green algae

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8
Q

an embryonic plant combined with a food supply and
surrounded by a protective seed coat, allowed plants to be much more
successful on land

A

seed

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9
Q

provide the sexual biological link
between generations—the future and the past

A

seed

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10
Q

the dormant state of seeds enables seed plants to survive extended
periods of cold winter or drought

true or false

A

true

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11
Q

serves as a barrier against bacterial or fungal decay

A

seed coat

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12
Q

a hollow pollen tube produced by the ___________(male
gametophyte) delivers sperm to the egg, making fertilization possible
without the presence of water

A

microgametophyte

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13
Q

accordingly, the vast majority of seed plants have non-flagellated/flagellated
sperm

A

non-flagellated

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14
Q

flagellated sperm in seed plants include (2)

A

cycads
ginkgo biloba

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15
Q

are reduced in size and are protected and nourished
within the sporophyte in seed plants

A

gametophyte

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16
Q

before the development of the large vascularized leaves known as _______,
sporophytes bore sporangia at the end of leafless branches known as _______

A

megaphylls
telomes

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17
Q

with one type of spore
produced by one type of sporangium

A

homosporous

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18
Q

producing two types of spores,
microspores and megaspores, in two different types of sporangia,
microsporangia and megasporangia

A

heterosporous

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19
Q

heterospory occurred first among some species of seedless vascular plants
and is evident in some living species, such as the genus ______and a few
ferns, which are not closely related to gymnosperms

A

selaginella

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20
Q

spores germinate to produce
gametophytes outside the confines of the spore wall,

A

exospores

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21
Q

o many seedless vascular plants retain this type of gametophyte development

A

exosporic development

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22
Q

in contrast, the gametophytes of seed plants develop ______, growing
inside the spore, a process also evident in a few seedless vascular plants,
including Selaginella

A

endosporically

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23
Q

is derived from the Greek gymnos, “naked”, and sperma, “seed”.
This term has no taxonomic status, however, but rather is a descriptive of a heterogenous group
of plants characterized by the production of naked seeds.

A

gymnosperm

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24
Q

seed ferns

A

pteridospermophyta

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25
Q

four phyla of gymnosperms

A

cycadophyta
coniferophyta
gingkophyta
gnetophyta

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26
Q

fern-like in appearance

A

progymnospermatophyta

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27
Q

although _____ reproduction is found in a few species of gymnosperms, _____
reproduction is predominant most gymnosperms

A

asexual
sexual

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28
Q
  • gymnosperms, particularly ____ are wind-pollinated
A

conifers

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29
Q

also known as female cones or seed cones, usually occur
on higher branches

A

ovulate cones

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30
Q

also known as male cones, typically occur on lower
branches

A

pollen cones

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31
Q

the transfer of
pollen from one plant to another, because the windblown pollen
is not usually distributed from the bottom to the top of the same
tree

A

cross pollination

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32
Q

are sometimes called simple cones because
each cone consists of spirally arranged microsporophylls attached
directly to a central axis

A

pollen cones

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33
Q

each microsporophyll, known more commonly as a ____, has two
pollen-containing microsporangia on its lower surface

A

scale

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34
Q

the complex ovulate cones that are characteristic of pine and most other
conifers are sometimes grains can enter through a small opening in the
integument called a ____ (Greek pyle, “gate”).

A

micropyle

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35
Q

do seed plants have anteridia?

A

no

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36
Q

unlike an antheridium, which contains many single-celled sperm, each
_________ contains several hundred microsporocytes, also known as
microspore mother cells

A

microsporangia

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37
Q

four cells in microgametophyte include

A

2 prothallial cells (no function)
generative cell (give rise to sterile stalk)
tube cell (pollen tube)

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38
Q

pollen lands on drops of fluid produced by each megasporangium called

A

nucellus

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39
Q

each pollen grain has two air sacs that function as

A

wings

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40
Q

usually, only the megaspore farthest/nearest from the micropyle develops into the
megagametophyte, while the other three megaspores abort

A

farthest

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41
Q

the production of archegonia, each of which contains a single egg, is
characteristic of most gymnosperms, including (4)

A

conifers
cycads
gingkgo biloba
ephedra

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42
Q

are a more primitive feature, which gymnosperms share with
seedless plants

A

archegonia

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43
Q

in angiosperms and a few gymnosperms, _____ and ___-, the
mega-gametophytes do not produce archegonia

A

Welwitschia and Gnetum

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44
Q

while the megagametophyte develops within the megasporangium, each pollen
grain forms a pollen ____ that grows through the megasporangium

A

tube

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45
Q

since there are often multiple pollen tubes, multiple archegonia are fertilized
and more than one embryo initially develop, a phenomenon known as

A

polyembryony

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46
Q

some pines, such as the lodgepole pine (Pinus ___), require intense
heat for the seeds to be released

A

contorta

47
Q

the most familiar and most abundant gymnosperms, conifers are particularly found in
the temperate regions of the world

A

pinophyta

48
Q
  • consists of about 50 genera of trees with approximately 550 species
  • includes the world’s tallest and largest plants
A

pinophyta

49
Q

pinophyta include pines that are tallest redwoods (Sequoia ______), which grow up to 112.34 m
(386.6 ft)

A

sempervirens

50
Q

the most massive is the giant sequoia (_____ ____), commonly
called the General Sherman tree, measuring 31 m (101.7 ft) in maximum
circumference and is estimated to weigh 6,028 metric tons

A

sequoiadendron giganteum

51
Q
  • _____ wood is called softwood because it cuts and nails easily
A

conifer

52
Q

have no fibers and has thinner cell walls than angiosperm wood
described as hardwood

A

softwoods

53
Q

produce resin, which moves through the plant in resin ducts and helps protect the
tress from attack of disease-casing organisms and herbivores

A

pinophyta

54
Q

often the dominant species in high elevation because they can tolerate cold weather
and dry winds

A

pinophyta

55
Q

leaves are simple and are borne singly or in cluster called

A

fascicles

56
Q

leaves at the top of tall trees are often shorter/longer and more needle-like/ rounded in cross
section than leaves below

A

shorter
rounded

57
Q
  • the second largest group of gymnosperms consisting of 11 genera and 140 species
A

cycadophyta

58
Q

their cones are generally larger than those of conifers, sometimes several
meters in length

A

cycads

59
Q

have separate pollen and seed-producing plants

what type of gymnosperm

A

cycads

60
Q

o the ovulate cones of many species of cycads are pollinated by what animal

A

beetle

61
Q

sperm are flagellated, and swim the short distance to the egg, rupturing
the pollen tube to ensure fertilization

A

cycad

62
Q

living species are remnant of a much wider diversity found during the Mesozoic era
(245 to 65 million years ago), which is sometimes referred to not only as the Age of
Dinosaurs but also as the Age of ___

A

cycad

63
Q

the only living species of the division Ginkgophyta is

A

Gingkgo biloba

64
Q

commonly called
maidenhair tree because of the resemblance of its leaves to those of maidenhair fern

A

Gingkgo biloba

65
Q

it is considered to be the oldest genus of extant seed plants based on fossil
records

A

gingkgophyta

66
Q

like cycads and gnetophytes, _____ has separate pollen and seed-producing plants
(dioecious)

A

Ginkgo

67
Q
  • the trees are commonly used for ornamental landscaping
A

ginkgophyta

68
Q

only the pollen-producing tree are used because seeds contain an acid that
smells like rancid butter

A

gingkgophyta

69
Q

members of the division are known as gnetophytes, include 70 species divided into
three morphologically dissimilar genera: Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia

A

Gnetophyta

70
Q

three genera of gnetophyta

A

Ephedra
Gnetum
Welwitschia

71
Q

one significant feature they all share is the presence of vessel elements in their
wood, a cell type absent in other gymnosperms

A

Gnetophyta

72
Q

are similar to angiosperms in not having archegonia

what genera of gnetophyta

A

welwitschia and gnetum

73
Q

exhibit double fertilization producing extra embryo rather
than an endosperm as in angiosperms

what genera of gnetophyta

A

Ephedra and Gnetum

74
Q

is a shrub-like plant with jointed stems and highly reduced leaves
o consists of more than 30 species
o restricted to desert and semi-desert habitats

A

ephedra

75
Q

a drug used for the relief of allergic symptoms because of
its ability to constrict blood vessels

A

ephedrine

76
Q

are mostly woody vines native to tropical India, southeast Asia, West Africa
and Brazil

A

gnetum

77
Q

is a strange-looking gymnosperm and is probably the most unusual of all
seed-producing plants

A

Welwitschia

78
Q

Welwitschia consists only of one species, Welwitschia ____, which is native to the arid
coastal deserts of southwestern Africa

A

mirabilis

79
Q

includes both small and large plants that grow as herbs, shrubs,
trees, woody and non-woody vines

A

magnoliophyta

80
Q

are the most widely distributed vascular
plants, ranging from arid habitats to completely aquatic habitats, thus showing a high degree of
adaptation.

A

magnoliophyta

81
Q

compound that acts as defense against insects

A

oleanane

82
Q

division Magnoliophyta had been divided into main classes based on the
number of cotyledons (2)

A

monocots
dicots

83
Q

classes of monocots

A

liliopsida

84
Q

class of dicots

A

magnoliopsida

85
Q

which are of more recent origin

monocot/dicot?

A

minocot

86
Q

include all of the cereal grains (rice, wheat and corn)
and other grasses, lilies, daffodils, pineapples, orchids, bananas, and palms

A

monocot

87
Q

include tomato, rose, sunflower, pea, bean, cucumber, apple,
peach, cherry, mango, and acacia

A

dicot

88
Q

grass family

A

Poaceae

89
Q

largest monocot family

A

Orchidaceae

90
Q

bean family

A

Fabaceae

91
Q

rose family

A

Rosaceae

92
Q

sunflower

A

asteraceae

93
Q

recent molecular studies have revealed that dicots are not ____, representing
instead several lines of evolution

A

monophyletic

94
Q

consists of several families of herbs and woody
shrubs

A

basal angiosperms

95
Q

➢ most are extinct, with their surviving relatives constituting about
0.5% of living angiosperms
➢ examples: water lily family

A

basal angiosperms

96
Q

are monophyletic group of about 20 families
➢ about 2.5% of angiosperms species
➢ examples: laurel family, magnolia family, black pepper

A

magnoliids

97
Q

contains only one living genus, an aquatic plant,
Ceratophyllum
➢ they are reduced and simplified for life submerged in water
➢ they have no roots, and the small leaves lack stomata relying
instead on diffusion for passage of gases

A

ceratophyllaceae

98
Q

the anther of a stamen contains four microsporangia within which are produced
a number of microspore mother cells in what process

A

microgametogenesis

99
Q

it is at this stage that the pollen grain, which is an immature
microgametophvte, is released from the anther and is transferred to the
stigma by means of wind, water, or other agents

A

pollination

100
Q

the three cells at the end opposite the micropyle are known as the

A

antipodals

101
Q

one of the sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm fuses with the
polar nuclei

A

double fertilization

102
Q

however, there are a number of plants, such as bananas, pineapples,
and certian varieties of grapes and melons, in which fruit development
takes place even without fertilization, a phenomenon called as

A

parthenocarpy

103
Q

which is an important tissue for
the storage of reserve food

A

endosperm

104
Q

contains about 10,000 monocot species, including nearly all cereals, especially rice
(Oryza) wheat (Triticum) and corn (Zea), the grain-producing plants, making it the
most important family providing food for human

A

poaceae

105
Q

is a grass with unisexual flowers

A

corn

106
Q

fruit is a single-seeded caryopsis, a grain with a single, prominent cotyedon called a
scutellum

A

poaceae

107
Q

consist of monocots that form the largest family of plants

A

orchidaceae

108
Q

are herbaceous plants, many of which are epiphytes

A

orchids

109
Q
  • the largest family of eudicots and the second largest family in the plant kingdom, with
    more than 23,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees
A

asteraceae

110
Q
  • the third largest in the plant kingdom, containing more than 18,860 species of
    eudicots, including herbs, shrubs, trees, and vines found worldwide
A

fabaceae

111
Q
  • fruits are frequently legumes, such as peas or beans
A

fabaceae

112
Q

sleep movements

A

legumes

113
Q

many species form mutualistic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which live in
nodules on the roots

A

fabaceae

Systematic Biology (18 decks)

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