Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Flashcards
seeds form on the surface of leaves or branches of cones and are
“exposed” in the sense that they are not completely enclosed within a fruit
gymnosperms
gymnosperm seeds result from a single/double fertilization of sperm and egg
single
the developing embryo is being nourished by the megagametophyte tissue
gymnosperm
result from a double fertilization of sperm with egg and with two
nuclei of the megagametophyte (female gametophyte)
angiosperm seeds
the nourishment is provided by ____ in angiosperms, formed by the union of a sperm
with two nuclei of the megagametophyte
endosperm
evolved relatively late in the history of plant life
seeds
for about 100 million years after the origin of plants from ____ _____, only
seedless plants existed
green algae
an embryonic plant combined with a food supply and
surrounded by a protective seed coat, allowed plants to be much more
successful on land
seed
provide the sexual biological link
between generations—the future and the past
seed
the dormant state of seeds enables seed plants to survive extended
periods of cold winter or drought
true or false
true
serves as a barrier against bacterial or fungal decay
seed coat
a hollow pollen tube produced by the ___________(male
gametophyte) delivers sperm to the egg, making fertilization possible
without the presence of water
microgametophyte
accordingly, the vast majority of seed plants have non-flagellated/flagellated
sperm
non-flagellated
flagellated sperm in seed plants include (2)
cycads
ginkgo biloba
are reduced in size and are protected and nourished
within the sporophyte in seed plants
gametophyte
before the development of the large vascularized leaves known as _______,
sporophytes bore sporangia at the end of leafless branches known as _______
megaphylls
telomes
with one type of spore
produced by one type of sporangium
homosporous
producing two types of spores,
microspores and megaspores, in two different types of sporangia,
microsporangia and megasporangia
heterosporous
heterospory occurred first among some species of seedless vascular plants
and is evident in some living species, such as the genus ______and a few
ferns, which are not closely related to gymnosperms
selaginella
spores germinate to produce
gametophytes outside the confines of the spore wall,
exospores
o many seedless vascular plants retain this type of gametophyte development
exosporic development
in contrast, the gametophytes of seed plants develop ______, growing
inside the spore, a process also evident in a few seedless vascular plants,
including Selaginella
endosporically
is derived from the Greek gymnos, “naked”, and sperma, “seed”.
This term has no taxonomic status, however, but rather is a descriptive of a heterogenous group
of plants characterized by the production of naked seeds.
gymnosperm
seed ferns
pteridospermophyta
four phyla of gymnosperms
cycadophyta
coniferophyta
gingkophyta
gnetophyta
fern-like in appearance
progymnospermatophyta
although _____ reproduction is found in a few species of gymnosperms, _____
reproduction is predominant most gymnosperms
asexual
sexual
- gymnosperms, particularly ____ are wind-pollinated
conifers
also known as female cones or seed cones, usually occur
on higher branches
ovulate cones
also known as male cones, typically occur on lower
branches
pollen cones
the transfer of
pollen from one plant to another, because the windblown pollen
is not usually distributed from the bottom to the top of the same
tree
cross pollination
are sometimes called simple cones because
each cone consists of spirally arranged microsporophylls attached
directly to a central axis
pollen cones
each microsporophyll, known more commonly as a ____, has two
pollen-containing microsporangia on its lower surface
scale
the complex ovulate cones that are characteristic of pine and most other
conifers are sometimes grains can enter through a small opening in the
integument called a ____ (Greek pyle, “gate”).
micropyle
do seed plants have anteridia?
no
unlike an antheridium, which contains many single-celled sperm, each
_________ contains several hundred microsporocytes, also known as
microspore mother cells
microsporangia
four cells in microgametophyte include
2 prothallial cells (no function)
generative cell (give rise to sterile stalk)
tube cell (pollen tube)
pollen lands on drops of fluid produced by each megasporangium called
nucellus
each pollen grain has two air sacs that function as
wings
usually, only the megaspore farthest/nearest from the micropyle develops into the
megagametophyte, while the other three megaspores abort
farthest
the production of archegonia, each of which contains a single egg, is
characteristic of most gymnosperms, including (4)
conifers
cycads
gingkgo biloba
ephedra
are a more primitive feature, which gymnosperms share with
seedless plants
archegonia
in angiosperms and a few gymnosperms, _____ and ___-, the
mega-gametophytes do not produce archegonia
Welwitschia and Gnetum
while the megagametophyte develops within the megasporangium, each pollen
grain forms a pollen ____ that grows through the megasporangium
tube
since there are often multiple pollen tubes, multiple archegonia are fertilized
and more than one embryo initially develop, a phenomenon known as
polyembryony
some pines, such as the lodgepole pine (Pinus ___), require intense
heat for the seeds to be released
contorta
the most familiar and most abundant gymnosperms, conifers are particularly found in
the temperate regions of the world
pinophyta
- consists of about 50 genera of trees with approximately 550 species
- includes the world’s tallest and largest plants
pinophyta
pinophyta include pines that are tallest redwoods (Sequoia ______), which grow up to 112.34 m
(386.6 ft)
sempervirens
the most massive is the giant sequoia (_____ ____), commonly
called the General Sherman tree, measuring 31 m (101.7 ft) in maximum
circumference and is estimated to weigh 6,028 metric tons
sequoiadendron giganteum
- _____ wood is called softwood because it cuts and nails easily
conifer
have no fibers and has thinner cell walls than angiosperm wood
described as hardwood
softwoods
produce resin, which moves through the plant in resin ducts and helps protect the
tress from attack of disease-casing organisms and herbivores
pinophyta
often the dominant species in high elevation because they can tolerate cold weather
and dry winds
pinophyta
leaves are simple and are borne singly or in cluster called
fascicles
leaves at the top of tall trees are often shorter/longer and more needle-like/ rounded in cross
section than leaves below
shorter
rounded
- the second largest group of gymnosperms consisting of 11 genera and 140 species
cycadophyta
their cones are generally larger than those of conifers, sometimes several
meters in length
cycads
have separate pollen and seed-producing plants
what type of gymnosperm
cycads
o the ovulate cones of many species of cycads are pollinated by what animal
beetle
sperm are flagellated, and swim the short distance to the egg, rupturing
the pollen tube to ensure fertilization
cycad
living species are remnant of a much wider diversity found during the Mesozoic era
(245 to 65 million years ago), which is sometimes referred to not only as the Age of
Dinosaurs but also as the Age of ___
cycad
the only living species of the division Ginkgophyta is
Gingkgo biloba
commonly called
maidenhair tree because of the resemblance of its leaves to those of maidenhair fern
Gingkgo biloba
it is considered to be the oldest genus of extant seed plants based on fossil
records
gingkgophyta
like cycads and gnetophytes, _____ has separate pollen and seed-producing plants
(dioecious)
Ginkgo
- the trees are commonly used for ornamental landscaping
ginkgophyta
only the pollen-producing tree are used because seeds contain an acid that
smells like rancid butter
gingkgophyta
members of the division are known as gnetophytes, include 70 species divided into
three morphologically dissimilar genera: Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia
Gnetophyta
three genera of gnetophyta
Ephedra
Gnetum
Welwitschia
one significant feature they all share is the presence of vessel elements in their
wood, a cell type absent in other gymnosperms
Gnetophyta
are similar to angiosperms in not having archegonia
what genera of gnetophyta
welwitschia and gnetum
exhibit double fertilization producing extra embryo rather
than an endosperm as in angiosperms
what genera of gnetophyta
Ephedra and Gnetum
is a shrub-like plant with jointed stems and highly reduced leaves
o consists of more than 30 species
o restricted to desert and semi-desert habitats
ephedra
a drug used for the relief of allergic symptoms because of
its ability to constrict blood vessels
ephedrine
are mostly woody vines native to tropical India, southeast Asia, West Africa
and Brazil
gnetum
is a strange-looking gymnosperm and is probably the most unusual of all
seed-producing plants
Welwitschia
Welwitschia consists only of one species, Welwitschia ____, which is native to the arid
coastal deserts of southwestern Africa
mirabilis
includes both small and large plants that grow as herbs, shrubs,
trees, woody and non-woody vines
magnoliophyta
are the most widely distributed vascular
plants, ranging from arid habitats to completely aquatic habitats, thus showing a high degree of
adaptation.
magnoliophyta
compound that acts as defense against insects
oleanane
division Magnoliophyta had been divided into main classes based on the
number of cotyledons (2)
monocots
dicots
classes of monocots
liliopsida
class of dicots
magnoliopsida
which are of more recent origin
monocot/dicot?
minocot
include all of the cereal grains (rice, wheat and corn)
and other grasses, lilies, daffodils, pineapples, orchids, bananas, and palms
monocot
include tomato, rose, sunflower, pea, bean, cucumber, apple,
peach, cherry, mango, and acacia
dicot
grass family
Poaceae
largest monocot family
Orchidaceae
bean family
Fabaceae
rose family
Rosaceae
sunflower
asteraceae
recent molecular studies have revealed that dicots are not ____, representing
instead several lines of evolution
monophyletic
consists of several families of herbs and woody
shrubs
basal angiosperms
➢ most are extinct, with their surviving relatives constituting about
0.5% of living angiosperms
➢ examples: water lily family
basal angiosperms
are monophyletic group of about 20 families
➢ about 2.5% of angiosperms species
➢ examples: laurel family, magnolia family, black pepper
magnoliids
contains only one living genus, an aquatic plant,
Ceratophyllum
➢ they are reduced and simplified for life submerged in water
➢ they have no roots, and the small leaves lack stomata relying
instead on diffusion for passage of gases
ceratophyllaceae
the anther of a stamen contains four microsporangia within which are produced
a number of microspore mother cells in what process
microgametogenesis
it is at this stage that the pollen grain, which is an immature
microgametophvte, is released from the anther and is transferred to the
stigma by means of wind, water, or other agents
pollination
the three cells at the end opposite the micropyle are known as the
antipodals
one of the sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm fuses with the
polar nuclei
double fertilization
however, there are a number of plants, such as bananas, pineapples,
and certian varieties of grapes and melons, in which fruit development
takes place even without fertilization, a phenomenon called as
parthenocarpy
which is an important tissue for
the storage of reserve food
endosperm
contains about 10,000 monocot species, including nearly all cereals, especially rice
(Oryza) wheat (Triticum) and corn (Zea), the grain-producing plants, making it the
most important family providing food for human
poaceae
is a grass with unisexual flowers
corn
fruit is a single-seeded caryopsis, a grain with a single, prominent cotyedon called a
scutellum
poaceae
consist of monocots that form the largest family of plants
orchidaceae
are herbaceous plants, many of which are epiphytes
orchids
- the largest family of eudicots and the second largest family in the plant kingdom, with
more than 23,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees
asteraceae
- the third largest in the plant kingdom, containing more than 18,860 species of
eudicots, including herbs, shrubs, trees, and vines found worldwide
fabaceae
- fruits are frequently legumes, such as peas or beans
fabaceae
sleep movements
legumes
many species form mutualistic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which live in
nodules on the roots
fabaceae
