Second Protectorate Flashcards
What was James Naylor’s case?
Oct 1656 James Naylor approached Bristol on a donkey with adoring women in re-enactment of Christ’s entrance to Jerusalem on Palm Sunday. In second Protectorate Parliament ordered him to Westminster where he would be bore through his tongue and Cromwell insisted Parliament had acted beyond its rights in Protectorate. Cromwell was in contact with George Fox.
What divides did Cromwell have to contend with?
Cromwell had to contend with increasingly Presbyterian Parliament and an army which had sympathies with sects. He hoped for religious settlement where godliness and toleration would be established without extremism. Maintained parishes and tithes so people could worship. Presbyterians closer aligned with royalists.
What was the Readmission of Jews during MG rule?
In 1656 Cromwell had Readmission of Jews during MG rule requested by Amsterdam rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel in a petition. Provided protection for Jews, public synagogues, and a Jewish synagogue. Ben welcomed at Whitehall but Council of State stalled it.
Where royalists a threat during Cromwell’s rule?
Royalists not threat initially as lacked leader without Charles II and lacked support in localities. In 1652 Sealed Knot formed by 6 aristocratic royalists who discouraged uprising as they knew it would fail. Decimation tax issued, 10% of income for those worth >£100 a year.
Outline Penruddock’s Rising, 8 March 1655…
Penruddock’s rising : 8th March 1655, Sealed Knot convinced Colonel John Penruddock to have rising in Wiltshire, led 200-400 for attack in Salisbury. After 2 days the forces scattered and Penruddock was tried and executed.
Why did Penruddock’s rising fail?
Why Penruddock’s rising failed: 4000 local militia easily put it down, no support, John Thurloe, Secretary of State, managed espionage system, 1652-9 7 other royalist attacks.
Why did MG rule start in summer 1655?
Failure of the Western Design and Penruddock’s rising. Cromwell between August and September 1655 worked with John Lambert, John Disbrowe, and Sir Gilbert Pickering to make the arrangements for the MG Rule which commenced from 11 October 1655.
Summer 1655 England divided into 12 military districts with 6000 in select militia and standing army cut, associations each led by MG or deputy MG, MG John Lambert issued 10% decimation tax for royalists worth >£100 a year. Abandoned healing and settling and tax was unparliamentary.
How was behaviour monitored during MG rule?
14,000 royalists tied to good behaviour with national office in London. Cromwell held days of fasting and closed alehouses. MG John Barkstead ordered arrest of loose wenches and with Colonel Thomas Pride closed Bear Garden in Bankside holding dogs, cocks, and bears.
What was the impact of MG rule?
130 ministers ejected in 10 months, people resumed celebrating Christmas, Whitsun, Easter etc. MGs unpopular due to Instruction 6 for moral behaviour and gentry/magistrates didn’t like their lower social standing or work in areas which weren’t localities.
How was the Protectorate financially suffering in 1655?
In 1655 annual revenue made up from customs, excise, assessments and royalist fines was £2.25 mil while annual spending was £2.6 mil. Deficit increased as Spanish War commenced in 1654. MGs assured only those suitable would be elected to next Parl. Second Protectorate Parliament was called during rule of MGs under urgent need to raise finances to continue the Anglo-Spanish war abroad and maintain military government at home. In May 1656 Lord Protector Cromwell summoned MGs to hear progress reports and deal with financial crisis.
Later Protectorate started in 1656. How did MG rule end?
17 Sept 1656 – 100 members kept from their seats as MGs assured that only those suitable would be elected to next Parliament to finance war against Spanish. Cromwell condemned Edward Sexby for negotiation with Charles and Spain and protested about Charles and Spanish having alliance. 50 members left in first week in protest of Cromwell excluding MPs. Quiet few months before difficulty started with James Naylor case followed by John Desborough in Jan 29 1657 reintroducing the decimation tax through a bill – this was voted against 124 to 88. Effectively ended MG rule and Cromwell was angry that MG John Desborough suggested it.
When was Cromwell offered Humble Petition and Advice?
Offered to Cromwell in 1657, an attempt to reduce his power after unpopular attempts such as MG rule. Aimed to legitimise constitution. Humble Address and Remonstrance offered to Cromwell before second Protectorate on 23 Feb 1657, drafted by Oliver St John, Lord Broghill, and Edward Montagu, introduced a Second House to Parliament, re-established national Church, and for Cromwell to accept title as King. Supported by lawyers and civilian MPs but opposed by republicans, army members, John Lambert etc. Had legality Instrument didn’t and offered Privy Council, Upper House, finance, and regular Parl.
What was Cromwell’s response to Humble Petition and Advice?
April 1657 army protest for Cromwell to remain faithful to good cause. 8 May 1657 rejected, 25 May accepted petition as Lord Protector with extended powers to choose successor and members of Upper House. Had ceremony reminiscent of a royal coronation.
How was John Lambert removed from power?
Cromwell strengthened his civilian base and appointed several officer colleagues to the Other House of 40 members with right to veto legislation. Criticised by republicans for promotion of army members. By July 1657 when John Lambert refused the oath of loyalty to the new constitution, Cromwell was forced to dismiss John Lambert from the Privy Council.
When did Commons re-open in 1658 and why did it only last a month?
The House of Commons reassembled in 20 Jan 1658 and lasted a month. Unfit people from September 1656 returned with republicans united under Arthur Haselrig who felt government had been illegitimate since the Rump’s dissolution, attack was launched on the new constitution. They attacked authority of Cromwell, army, and taxation. Cromwell feared opposition would undermine him and lost lower House support as 30 members were transferred to Upper House so dissolved in Feb. Of 63 asked, 42 went to upper house. Cromwell died in September.
