Richard Cromwell and end of Interregnum Flashcards
When did Richard Cromwell gain power? What challenges was he met with?
Sept 1658-April 1659 Richard Cromwell in power. Presbyterian opposition – they never got religious settlement. Charles Fleetwood and senior members felt his indifference could maintain army’s role, lower army members feared Cromwell’s sympathy for Presbyterians and sided with Sects, wanted return of Rump.
How did military criticise Richard Cromwell?
Rejected demands by Charles Fleetwood and John Desborough to give up commander-in-chief title, got civilian advisors George Monck, Edward Whalley, William Gough. Army owed £900,000 but Protectorate in £2.5 mil debt.
Parl Jan-April 1659 - how did the army gain control?
Parl called Jan 1659. Most of 549 members Presbyterian and feared rise of army which sympathised with republicans. Called for Parliament to assent to when Council of Officers could sit so Council forced Cromwell to close Parliament. To make him seem less arbitrary re-opened in May. Cromwell resigned them from life.
Rump May-Oct 1659 - what conflict did the Rump and army have? How was the state threatened?
May-Oct 1659, army wanted arrears covered and Rump refused, alongside not committing to reform. Rump needed army to preserve itself, army wanted Rump to hide military control. Local military’s power diluted through being placed under control of sects including Quakers. 1659 rise of Leveller pamphlets and conservatives talked of restoration, Presbyterian-royalist risings.
When was Booth’s rising?
Aug 1659 Sir George Booth held Booth’s Uprising in Cheshire. Called for free Parliament but didn’t openly advocate for royalty showing this wasn’t yet popular. Held out for weeks assuming Spanish would help but they didn’t.
How did Lambert crush Booth’s rising and attempt to reduce the power of the Rump?
Lambert and forces shut down Booth’s rising, issued petition demanding Rump’s power decline to Upper House and all army leaders be appointed to General. Wanted army authority in purging local corporations which hadn’t condemned recent risings. Haselrig demanded imprisonment of Lambert for going against Rump’s royal authority and regiments dissolved Rump, Oct.
What were results of the dissolution of the Rump in Oct 1659?
Army set Committee of Safety in Oct 1659 to act as interim government and General George Monck condemned dissolution, negotiated with expelled members who proposed he bring army South and restore Rump for title of commander-in-chief. Lambert’s forces tried to ward him off but no match.
What was the situation for civilians between Oct-Dec 1659?
Bristol and London had protest, Portsmouth a key garrison town denounced government alongside navy. City of London and Committee of Safety received several petitions calling for dealing with economic crisis and putting down tyranny and restoring ancient liberties through a free Parliament or monarchy. Fleetwood and army council restored Rump in December 1659.
What happened when Rump was opened in December?
Dec 1659 new Rump opened and Desborough, Lambert, and Fleetwood dismissed, Monck arrived in Jan 1660 and became commander-in-chief and Rump removed half of officers in purge causing opposition from merchants etc who refused to pay tax.
What did Monck do when he entered England?
Monck arrived and used force, restored order as long as Rump dissolved in May 1660. Returned those removed from Pride’s Purge and in Feb-March 1660 balanced shifted against Republicans.
How was Lambert finally removed by Monck in 1660 and what appointment did Monck make?
In Long Parl Lambert finally removed from ranks. Monck insisted on a new Council of State being elected alongside him becoming commander-in-chief with royalist Edward Montague commander of fleet.
How long had Monck and Charles been in negotiation?
Monck in negotiation with Charles II since July 1659. Lambert in March 1660 tried to resist restoration by calling army force but Fleetwood and Desborough made no move, and Haselrig didn’t get involved. At Edgehill Lambert’s army was defeated.
In 1660 when was Charles II made King?
25 April 1660 Convention Parliament met with 60 monarchists and republicans did badly in contrast. Lords reintroduced and considered terms for settlement with Commons. 4 April 1660 Charles II makes Declaration of Breda committing to promoting religious freedom, pardon, and Parliament to determine property and arrears. 8 May England not republic, 14 May Parl visits Charles, 29 May Monck escorts him to King ceremony in London.
