Second Civil War and Charles' execution Flashcards
What were causes of Second Civil War?
Causes of the Second Civil War: Charles I refused to accept outcome of first war. Charles was not cooperating with settlement and was to take advantage of the growing disillusionment felt by Scots. He encouraged a Scottish invasion.
What inspired prayer meeting at Windsor?
In January 1648 the army prepared itself, ceasing to sit in the Army Council and restoring military discipline. Parliament voted No Further Addresses on 3 April 1648 and the Council of Officers held a prayer meeting in Windsor, April, condemning Charles as a man of blood. Their view shifted, with royalist rising breaking out in South Wales, and they saw Charles committing sacrilege.
How did people resist Parliament banning Christmas?
1647 – Canterbury, Puritan elders closed shops during Christmas. Football matches held and anti-excise riot with ‘Up with King Charles thrown in’ and mayor/magistrates expelled. Militia had to intervene. Showed dissatisfaction with Directory of Worship and Parliament taxation. Traditional Book of Common Prayer services in East Anglia into 1650s.
What happened at Norwich?
Norwich – 4/1/1645 Directory of Worship bans Popist Christmas celebration, 1647 mayor John Utting asked to allow Christmas, Presbyterians demand he uphold Directory. Plans for him to go to April and justify lack of action in April 1648. Royalists refuse he leave the town, and announcements made to throw roundheads out. Crowd attacked committee house and blew up arsenal, killing 40.
1648 what happened at Burnham Heath?
29 May – 10,000 gathered at Burnham Heath and elected Earl of Norwich. On 30 May Fairfax captured 1000 rebels and pursued rest to Maidstone where they were held at Rochester Castle. On 1 June the heart of the rebellion was crushed. Forces which weren’t defeated dispersed.
How did Presbyterians support royalist cause? 1648
In June royalists attempted to exploit insurgency in Essex to gain London control. The release of Presbyterians into government after the July 1647 counter revolution led to members such as expelled MP Denzil Holles recruiting for the royalist cause. Munition trains on their way to Fairfax were overturned. Skippon and his trained bands strangled royalist attempts to help those in Essex.
How did Scots get involved in 1648?
8 July, Hamilton, against Kirk resistance, led 10,000 Scots to England met by 4000 of Langdale’s force. Risings had largely been put down and Cromwell, with 9000, defeated them bitterly at a battle near Preston 17-19 August. Covenanters returned Argyll to power and removed the Engagers from public office after Hamilton surrendered. Hamilton was to be executed.
What was the Colchester rising? (1648)
Royalist party in Essex held Chelmsford Rising on 4 June. Fairfax and NMA pursued them, fled to Colchester where NMA lost 1000 men at fighting by the gates. By mid-July royalists were slaughtering mounts for food and Prince’s Royalist fleet were unable to save them. Rising in South fruitless. Surrender 29 August. Lucas and Lisle were shot by a firing squad as Lucas had gone against orders not to fight after first civil war and had ordered murder of 20-40 in garrison. Fairfax wanted stern example.
What did the Second Civil War show about public attitude?
People wanted a return to the good old days and royalists made unsuccessful attempt to reverse the result of war. County committees were criticised for hosting men of a lower social standing. Risings in East Anglia a shock as these were parliamentarian strongholds.
How did Ireton respond to Second Civil War? (1648)
The Second Civil War showed Charles’ intentions of using a foreign army against his people and going against God’s judgement. He was a man of blood. On 20 November Henry Ireton published an Army Remonstrance demanding Charles be brought to justice. He negotiated with Levellers and the army was represented by a Council of Officers, reducing Leveller influence.
What happened at Newport in 1648?
Parliament attended the Treaty of Newport as the Second Civil War showed tides were changing and people were not content. In September negotiations began at Newport, Isle of Wight. Sir Henry Vane made it clear Charles was unwilling to make concessions but by December they returned with Charles’ answers to the four bills. 3 Dec – Parliament gains militia control, 5 Dec – Vote of No Addresses repealed.At Newport Charles refused to accept the Solemn League and Covenant but he gave up militia for 20 years. He held out on negotiations in hopes that he could find settlement with the Confederate Catholics in Ireland.
What was Pride’s Purge?
The army was bound to act. If Charles returned to London, royalist support would undermine any settlement and a compulsory national Church would hurt religious freedom. On 6 December 1648 Colonel Pride surrounded the Houses of Parliament and arrested many conservative leaders, alongside excluding 186. Many members chose to stay away leaving a rump of 70MPs.
How did Ireton and Cromwell respond to Pride’s Purge?
Ireton wanted to dissolve Parliament but was convinced by Sir Arthur Haselrig that this rump would represent legal authority and maintain stability. On 7 December Cromwell took his seat, convinced this was what God intended.
In 1649 how did England become a Commonwealth?
1 Jan – Ordinance to set High Court to try King passed in Rump, rejected by Lords.
4 Jan – Three Resolutions to make Rump sole authority.
20 Jan – Charles’ trial began, Charles denied Court to try him and refused to enter plea. On 27 Jan found guilty and executed on 30 Jan.
13 Feb – Council of State appointed to govern in Charles place.
17 March – Monarchy abolished, Lords abolished two days following.
19 May – England a Commonwealth.
