Civil War Flashcards
What was Charles’ initial advantage in 1642?
Both sides began with local forces from county committees, struggling to deploy them elsewhere.
Charles had initial gentry majority support, with them providing military costs, horses, tenants etc, alongside experienced nephew commanders Rupert and Maurice and Nassau.
Outline Battle of Edgehill, 1642.
Royalists marched en route from Shrewsbury to London with Charles calling on 12,000 so Parliamentarians led by Essex attempted to stop their approach. At Edgehill, 23 Oct 1642, Royalists gathered on the hills 2 miles away from Parl and approached Parliament with 20,000 soldiers and 30 canons compared to Parliament’s 10,000. Their left flank was melted away, led by Prince Rupert, but he went to Kineton and Parliament’s foot soldiers gained an advantage in his absence. Both sides lost 2500 men.
In November 1642 how were Royalists prevented from entrance to London?
As Royalist forces approached London, Parliament resisted with London trained bands under Philip Skippon’s command refusing approach on 15th November at Turnham Green. Oxford Treaty failed between Lords and Oxford as Charles intended to have Roman Catholics in Northern Army.
In 1643 how did Royalists gain advantage?
Charles had royalist HQ at Oxford and planned a three-pronged attack on London over winter with the Northern army under Earl of Newcastle taking York and defeating Parliament’s army at Adwalton Moor, June 1643, alongside Prince Rupert securing Bristol and Sir Ralph Hopton securing Cornwall and Devon. Hampden and Lord Brooke were lost from Parliament’s forces and a three pronged attack from North, Midlands, and South-west feared by Parl.
What defensive garrisons did Parliament have in 1643?
Parliament’s garrisons in Hull, Gloucester, and Portsmouth prevented attack in London. Royalists attempted siege on Gloucester as it was an ideal station for recruits from South Wales and linked Shrewbury and Oxford. Governor Sir Edward Massey set artillery and by 23 Aug 15,000 with Earl of Essex relieved Gloucester and Charles ended siege.
What were War Party, Peace Party, and Middle Party 1643?
.Radical Party led by Henry Marten, Sir Arthur Haselrig, and Sir Henry Vane wanted Charles defeated utterly, Peace Party led by Denzil Holles in Commons and closely associated with remaining Lords wanted defensive war to persuade negotiation, arguing that Scottish alliance would provoke Charles, War Party with John Pym, John Hampden, Oliver St John, Earl of Warwick, Saye and Sele, and Cromwell, straddled extremes, wanting negotiation from position of power.
Outline Prince Rupert’s career.
Prince Rupert had experience in 30 Years War and was a respected Commander, joining Charles at Nottingham in 1642. He had courage as a leader of cavalry but conflicted with Lord Digby leading to fatal choice to attack Naseby. In 1645 he was made to surrender Bristol and was not forgiven.
In 1643 how did Pym gain support from Scots and financial help from public?
Pym accomplished an excise tax in May 1643 and in autumn persuaded Parliament to sign Solemn League and Covenant with Scots. Most of Parliament were Puritan and disliked the rigid Presbyterian system demanded in England, so Pym called Assembly of Divines to devise a suitable model for England in December.
What was the impact of the Solemn League and Covenant?
Solemn League and Covenant signed Aug 1643 with 22,000 Scots promising Presbyterian Church with Committee of Both Kingdoms. Scottish support in North, in January 1644 Parliament with Alexander Leslie and Scots destroyed forces sent from Ireland at Nantwich, Cheshire, and approach into Lincolnshire by Newcastle led to reorganisation of east forces under Earl of Manchester and Cromwell leading cavalry. Newcastle’s army in York was bottled up by April 1644 leading to Marston Moor.
How did Battle of Marston Moor start?
1 July 1644 – Prince Rupert secures York and Parliament withdraw. Royalists follow them to Long Marston but royalists arrived bit by bit giving Parliamentarians advantage alongside their control of the road.
Why did Parliament win Marston Moor?
Parliament had 28,000 compared to Royalists’ 18,000. Rupert’s cavalry and Newcastle’s Whitecoats outnumbered by Cromwell’s Ironsides and David Leslie’s experienced Scots. York surrendered a fortnight later and Royalists withdrew to West. Political turning point, giving confidence in Parliament from its supporters a large boost.
What religious divides did Pym’s death cause?
Pym’s death led to Committee of Both Kingdoms increasing divides over religion. The Assembly of Divines which met at Westminster, 1644, divided between MPs who favoured Presbyterianism and others who wouldn’t. In 1644 five members of the Assembly issued public appeal for religious toleration and when denied delayed debates and the Assembly couldn’t complete the Directory of Worship until 1646.
What defeat did Essex inflict on Parliament 1644?
Parliament defeat: Earl of Essex went to Plymouth in 1644 to relieve it and march to Cornwall stronghold. Hopton parted forces and then closed Essex in, leading to defeat at Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and surrender of 6000 men with cannon and supplies. Only 600 men returned to London.
What was result of Parliament disasters 1644?
These disasters led to negotiation over the position of the army. Sir William Waller campaigned for professional army to replace local forces, and Cromwell raised awareness to the fact that Essex and Manchester were appointed for being noble over having military talent. There was concern over these people fighting war on defensive terms.
What was Self Denying Ordinance?
Self Denying Ordinance, 1644 – Political members of Lords gave up military commands and were removed without losing face. New Model Army formed.
The Ordinance was pushed by the War Party and supported by Cromwell, ending religious and political differences. 22,000 men, a New Model, were to fight more effectively, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax of military talent, and Oliver Cromwell to command the cavalry.
