English Civil War - Battles Flashcards
Outline the Battle of Edgehill (Stalemate)
Battle of Edgehill 1642, 23 Oct, Charles called on 12,000 and went to London. En-route to Banbury Rupert told him Parl were approaching. Earl of Essex to bar route to London. Charles’ army settled at a ridge at Edgehill with Parl 2 miles away. Prince Rupert chased Sir James Ramsays’ forces to Kineton and forces were scattered as he returned. 3000 died and Charles set Oxford HQ.
What happened at Turnham Green? (Parl victory)
As Royalist forces approached London, Parliament resisted with London trained bands under Philip Skippon’s command refusing approach on 15th November at Turnham Green. Oxford Treaty failed between Lords and Oxford as Charles intended to have Roman Catholics in Northern Army.
What was the Oxford Treaty of 1642?
Oxford Treaty - Negotiation between Lords and Oxford stopped as Charles intended to have Roman Catholics in Northern army. Popist plot.
What failures did Parl have in 1643?
1643 Parl - Hampden and Lord Brooke dead. Charles was mobilising fast and a three-pronged attack from North, Midlands, and Southwest feared. By March 1643 Hull didn’t resist Royalist entrance. By June Parliament defeated at Adwalton Moor, losing York, and Tadcaster, and Earl of Newcastle gained command of Great North Road.
What events preceded Gloucester?
Causes - Battle of Roundway Down saw Prince Maurice and royalists harshly defeat Waller who retreated to Bristol. Nathaniel Fiennes then gave up Bristol to Royalists.
What was the siege of Gloucester 1643?
Royalists wanted Gloucester to recruit in South Wales and link Shrewsbury to Oxford. Ramparts reinforced and governor Sir Edward Massey set artillery. Sieged by royalists. On 23 Aug 15,000 with Earl of Essex went to relieve Gloucester and Charles ended siege. A turning point, Charles criticised for not attempting London.
Outline Prince Rupert’s career
Prince Rupert had experience in 30 years way. Respected Commander, joined Charles in Nottingham 1642. Conflict with Lord Digby led to fatal choice to attack Naseby. Surrendered Bristol 1645.
Outline Marston Moor battle.
Marston Moor, 2 July 1644 - 18,000 royalists against 28,000 Parliamentarians at Long Marston. Royalists advantaged by ditch to trap Parl soldiers. Prince Rupert relaxed forces, went to dinner, and royalists still arriving from York. Alexander Leslie announced battle and Sir Thomas Fairfax attempted attack. Newcastle’s Whitecoats pushed Scots back and Cromwell was stunned. Alexander Leslie took over and Rupert fled with royalists disintegrating. York surrendered as a result and royalists retreated to West, turning point.
Outline Naseby.
May 1645 - Lord General Sir Thomas Fairfax pursued Oxford HQ and Charles’ army to Naseby. On 14 June Parl had 13,000 compared to 9000 Royalists. Rupert attacked Sir Henry Ireton’s force and went for Parliament’s baggage train. Parliament attacked and Royalists lost 1000 compared to 200 from Parliament.
Outline end of war.
June 1645 Goring gave up Somerset. September Rupert surrendered Bristol. 1645 end, royalists driven back to Wales and South West. 1646 NMA seized Devon and Cornwall and on 5 May Charles admitted defeat.
Economic resource: How did Parliament organise committees?
Parliament had county committees accountable to London where a central committee sat. Ordinances based on wealth.
Economic resource: How did Parliament raise finance ?
Feb 1643 Assessment Ordinance raised with Ship Money-like tax. March 1643 Sequestration Ordinance where royalists had estates confiscated. May 1643 Compulsory Loans Ordinance, those worth £10 in land or £100 in goods to offer 1/5->1/2 of their revenue to aid wartime effort. July 1643 Excise Ordinance where tax was raised on commodities such as beer and salt. Pym responsible.
Economic resource: how was Parliament supplied with private enterprise commissariat and London?
Parliament had private enterprise commissariat with cornchandlers, realmers, and sutlers, alongside merchants who bought and transported food through drivers. Bakers and butchers were employed – army did not have to disperse. Livestock had good supply until 1650 and loans came from Chamber of London until October 1646. Metalworkers and gilders in short supply, Parl relied on imports of backs, corsets, and breasts from Amsterdam until Aug 1644 when City of London could fill in orders for belts and knapsacks.
Economic resource: How did royalists develop navy?
1642 navy defect. Royalists developed new navy in 1643 with 260 ships which could be drawn onto for 50-300 tons and gained power of South-West ports.
Economic resource: how did royalists organise forces and finance and supply of armour?
June 1642 Commissions of Array raised forces for Charles. Castles and manor houses were fortified and county committees set in 1643 to raise finance. Navy prevented Parliament’s imports. Near Oxford gorgets, backs, and breasts were made but also relied on Amsterdam and Low Countries.
Earl of Newcastle raised his Whitecoats through his pocket and gifts and loans filled the treasury. Garrison commanders were liaised to help raise finance and ports were taxed.
