Screening for disease Flashcards
The goal of primary prevention is
prevention of disease onset
The goal of secondary disease prevention is to
prevent disease progression
The goal of tertiary prevention is to
minimise disability and complications in people with established disease
Societal and structural interventions in preventing disease onset is considered what type of prevention?
Primordial prevention
Wearing sunscreens and receving vaccinations fall under which category of prevention?
Primary
Identifying and managing risk factors for people at risk of developing hypertension would fall into which category of prevention?
Primary
“Preventing disease onset” is the goal of which stage of prevention?
Primary prevention
“Preventing disease progression” is the goal of which stage of prevention?
Secondary
In this stage of prevention, the goal is to manage the condition at an early stage
Secondary prevention
Screenings such as breast screening, AAA, and neonatal hearing checks would generally fit into what category of prevention?
Secondary
Checking a diabetic person’s feet for wounds would fall under which category of prevention?
Secondary
Minimising disability and complications in people with established disease is the goal of what stage of prevention?
Tertiary
Chronic disease management of diabetes or asthma is what type of prevention?
Tertiary
Assisting someone with rehab after an MI or stroke is what type of prevention?
Tertiary
Tests that look for conditions (diseases or risk factors) that are subclinical/asymptomatic are what type of tests?
Screening tests
What is the most important factor in a screening test?
Sensitivity- picking up all positive cases
What does a positive result on a screening test mean?
That the person MIGHT have the disease
What is the most important factor in a diagnositc test?
Specificity (accuracy)
Diagnostic tests are performed on people _______ symptoms of the disease, or people who have tested __________ on a screening test.
with, positive
Screening tests should ideally be relatively _______
cheap
Screening tests should have low risk of ______
harm
Screening tests are done on people __________ symptoms
without
Compared to screening tests, diagnostic tests
may be more _________
may be more _________
may have higher risk of _______
invasive, expensive, higher risk of harm
What does a positive result on a diagnostic test mean?
That the patient most likely DOES have the condition
The ability of a test to identify, correctly, all cases of people WITH the conditon (hint: pups)
Sensitivity (pups = “picking up positives”)
The ability of a test to identify, correctly all cases of people WITHOUT the condition (ie non-cases)
Specificity
A / A+C Measures the proportion of people with the condition with a positive test
Calculating sensitivity
D / D+B Measures the proportion of people WITHOUT the condition with a negative test
calculating specificity
A highly sensitive test means that most people _______ the condtion have been picked up.
with
If a person tests NEGATIVE on a test that is highly SENSITIVE, you can be fairly certain that patient ________ have the conditon
doesn’t
If a person tests POSITIVE on a test that is highly SENSITIVE, the patient ________ have the condition
might
A highly SPECIFIC test means that most people who test POSITIVE _______ have the condtion
do
If a person tests NEGATIVE on a highly SPECIFIC test, they could potentially ________
still have it
What type of testing tends to pick up a lot of false positives?
A highly sensitive test
What type of testing can sometimes miss positive cases (false negatives?)
A highly specific test
This value represents the probability of having the disease with a positive test
Positive predictive value
This value represents the probability of NOT having a disease with a negative test
Negative predictive value
What is the formula for calculating positive predictive value?
A / A+B
Out of all the people who have tested positive for the condition, how many are true positives?
What is the formula for calculating the negative predicitve value?
D / C+D
Out of all the people who have tested negative for the condition, how many are true negatives?
