Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

“The study of nature;” Deals with the normal functioning of living organisms and their parts

A

Physiology

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2
Q

The mechanism, explained in terms of physiology, by which a disease process causes the body to fail.

A

Pathophysiology

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3
Q

This governs the basic acitivities of cell and coordinates multiple-cell actions

A

Signalling

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4
Q

An entity that codes or conveys information

A

A signal

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5
Q

A tailor-made clinical model whereby therapy is delivered on an individualised basis

A

Personalised medicine

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6
Q

Gene therapy for Cystic Fibrosis, and drug recommendations based on molecular subtyping of cancer are examples of what type of medicine?

A

Personalised medicine

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7
Q

The grouping of patients based on risk of disease or response to therapy by using diagnostic tests or techniques

A

Stratified medicine

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8
Q

Applying basic research to a clinical setting

A

Translational research

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9
Q

A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention

A

Biomarker

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10
Q

Name an example of a biomarker

A

BRCA1 or HER2 (Breast cancer protein biomarkers)

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11
Q

The regulation of the state of cells and of the body. Normally about maintaining something at a particular desired level or set point.

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

The regulatory mechanism present in many biologicical reactions that allows certain pathways to be turned on or off

A

Feedback

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13
Q

A type of regulation in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process

A

Negative feedback

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14
Q

Temperature regulation is an example of what type of feedback?

A

Negative feedback

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15
Q

Blood glucose control is an example of what type of feedback?

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

The process by which the end products of an action causes more of that action to occur in a feedback loop, which ultimately amplifies the original action.

A

Positive feedback

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17
Q

Contractions of labour are an example of what type of feedback?

A

Positive feedback

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18
Q

Solute molecules passively moving down a concentration gradient, resulting in concentrations equalisation

A

Diffusion

19
Q

Molecules of a solvent pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

A

Osmosis

20
Q

The __________ _____________ across different sites generates the potential for physiological changes

A

ionic differences

21
Q

Which ion has the highest concentration inside the cell (in the cytosol?)

A

Potassium (K+)

22
Q

Is the concentration of calcium ions higher inside the cell, or outside the cell?

A

Outside the cell

23
Q

Which ions have the highest concentration in the blood?

A

Sodium, followed by chloride

24
Q

What is the most important biological solvent?

A

Water

25
Q

What are the substances called that are dissolved in to the solvent?

A

Solute

26
Q

What percentage of our body fluids are intracellular vs extracellular?

A

2/3 (intracellular) vs 1/3 (extracellular)

27
Q

Name three examples of where extracellular fluids are found

A

Plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid

28
Q

This is the difference in potential energy between two points in an electrical field

A

Voltage

29
Q

Are cell membranes permeable to charged ions?

A

No

30
Q

The membrane potential is is based on the balance between:

A

positive and negative charges across the membrane

31
Q

This type of force is based upon the difference in ionic concentration across the membrane

A

Chemical force (or diffusional force)

32
Q

This type of force is created when a few positive charges are not paired with negative charges on the same side of the membrane

A

Electrical force

33
Q

We tend to have more sodium ions outside of the cell, which results in a comparitively _________ extracellular charge

A

positive

34
Q

When potassium channels are operating as a consequence of the concentration gradient of K+, which favours it moving out, and the electrical gradient, which favours K+ moving in, this is known as the

A

Potassium equalibrium potential

35
Q

In the potassium equalibrium potential, the effect of the _________ force is counteracted by the _________ force moving in the other direction

A

Electrical/chemical

36
Q

Movement of _______ across membranes generates voltage differences that are then utilised by excitable cells

A

Ions

37
Q

What are the excitable cell types?

A

Neuronal cells and muscle cells (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

38
Q

Rule of ionic balance #1:

The __________ of positive and negative ions must “nearly” balance

A

concentration

39
Q

Rule of ionic balance #2:

Any ion that leaves the cell must be replaced by…

A

…another ion of that type coming into the cell

40
Q

Rule of ionic balance #3:

________ is always being used to re-establish the ionic gradients across membranes.

A

Energy

41
Q

Name an example of a drug that targets an ion channel

A

Proton pump inhibitors, which effectively lower the movement of H+ ions to the lumen of the gladm, increasing the pH of the stomach.

42
Q

This is an important enzyme that is critical for our acid-base physiology

A

Carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

The carbonic anhydrase reaction goes forward where CO2 is ________

A

High (e.g. active muscle)

44
Q

The carbonic anhydrase reaction goes backwards where CO2 is ________

A

Low (e.g. lungs)