scientific method

Question 1

scientific methods 4 steps

Answer 1

• hypothesis
• observation
• results
• conclusion

Question 2

hypotheses that is

Answer 2

testable is proposed

Question 3

observations

Answer 3

objective

Question 4

results are analyzed in

Answer 4

unbiased manner

Question 5

conclusions proposed based on

Answer 5

results of study and previous knowledge

Question 6

research

Answer 6

systematic

investigating subject

Question 7

science

Answer 7

systematic
objective study
empirical phenomenon see, hear, feel, touch, results in a body of knowledge

Question 8

scientific theory

Answer 8

• comprehensive explanation of things (empirical) you saw

- uses deductive reason always tries to predict laws and relationships using cause and effect

Question 9

theory building

Answer 9

looking for patterns, compare your results to others, create body of language

Question 10

theory

Answer 10

set of interrelated constucts, definitions, propositions that present systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with purpose of explaining or predicting phenomena

Question 11

characteristics of a theory (7)

Answer 11

1. technical vocabulary
2. can be explained by a theory
3. tentative set of beliefs that can be verified by scientific method
4. theories can help predict events and simulate situations in laboratory
5. theory allows researcher to interpret results and form conclusion
6. theory generates knowledge and leads to development of further theory
7. theory can be completely/ partially true or completey/ partially false

Question 12

concepts

Answer 12

symbolic representation of something

Question 13

constructs

Answer 13

abstract or mental representation inferred from situation that you don’t directly experience (see or feel)
ex: taking a shower we all do it differently or self care

Question 14

relationship

Answer 14

connections between 2 concepts, 2 constructs, concept and construct
ex: child learns relationship between spoon and eating

Question 15

proposition

Answer 15

see pattern in a bunch of relationship

Question 16

theory

Answer 16

taking a lot of propositions and putting them together to (coherent) explain a whole phenomenon that is being studied

Question 17

hypothesis

Answer 17

proposition that you want to test

Question 18

research methodology

Answer 18

test hypotheses using a variety of research methods

Question 19

data

Answer 19

collect objective, subjective, empirical data

Question 20

law

Answer 20

if hypotheses is proven you can make it into a law

Question 21

naturalistic inquiry

Answer 21

develop theory from observations

natural world, no experiment, no control, no manipulation, letting things happen and studying as is (natural)

Question 22

observations> concepts> constructs> development>

Answer 22

hypothesis generation> observation> refinement of constructs> theory formation

Question 23

dissonance

Answer 23

understanding of world, but you see something that you can’t explain, observe the world honestly

Question 24

objectivity

Answer 24

need to be self aware and understand your biases and put it aside

Question 25

perseverance

Answer 25

key, persistent because many times things will not go your way

Question 26

intellectual curiosity

Answer 26

curious about world around you, critique or laugh and if you make a mistake you have to accept it

Question 27

self criticism

Answer 27

accept criticism and change | need to be able to critique yourself

Question 28

creativity

Answer 28

open and creative with coming up with explanation

Question 29

integrity

Answer 29

honest to data, self, subject, methodology and process

Question 30

replication

Answer 30

whatever you do, anyone should be able to replicate your work, you are completely transparent

Question 31

good critical thinker

Answer 31

- aware of your biases and look at things objectively - detail oriented - open minded - communicate clearly - active listener - think outside the box interpret things from other perspectives

Question 32

methods for research

Answer 32

- quantitative | - qualitative

Question 33

quantitative

Answer 33

- systematic ways of collecting objective numerical data - considerable control - example experiment in lab all materials are controlled - analysis of data statistical procedures

Question 34

quantitative characteristics

Answer 34

- relatively small concepts or constructs - preconceived ideas of what relationship is (that's why you have a hypotheses) - structured procedures and methods - formal instruments to collect data

Question 35

qualitative

Answer 35

- systematic analyzing subjective narrative material - procedures has minimum researcher or no control (naturalisically) - difficult to replicate - analyzing 1 and compare the rest, look for patterns and constructs (not getting anything new, getting same data you can stop) - story doesn't have to be verbal, written, pictures - no formal instruments

Question 36

philosophical bases for research

Answer 36

- ontology - epistemology - experimental/quantitative

Question 37

ontology

Answer 37

what is reality? way of looking at world and saying what is reality qualitative believe in multiple reality

Question 38

epistemology

Answer 38

how do we come to know it? - observe - authority - research - occupational scientist - clinicians experience, present and share knowledge

Question 39

logical positivism

Answer 39

single reality understood through collection and analysis of sense data deductive research designs

Question 40

experimental continua of designs

Answer 40

based on degree of control, structure and purpose

Question 41

experimental/ quantitative

Answer 41

- logical positivism | - experimental continua of designs

Question 42

naturalistic/ qualitative

Answer 42

- postmodernism | - naturalistic continua of designs

Question 43

postmodernism

Answer 43

multiple realities human experience is complex & cannot be understood by its parts holistic views

Question 44

naturalistic continua of designs

Answer 44

based on purpose, degree of investigator involvement and investigator imposed structure and control

Question 45

integrated research

Answer 45

mixing methods based on philosophy of pragmatism

Question 46

selection of research strategy is based on

Answer 46

- your preferred way of knowing - level of knowledge development in topic - your research purpose