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728: Research > RESEARCH DESIGN > Flashcards

RESEARCH DESIGN Flashcards

1
Q

PICO

A

P- population/patient/problem
I- intervention
C- comparison
O- outcome

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2
Q

research design is overall plan for

A

answering research question

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3
Q

your questions should have

A
  1. nature of comparison
  2. type of setting
  3. population, sample
  4. independent and dependent variable
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4
Q

comparisons between 2 groups or more

A
  • single group: 2 or more points in time (pre/post)
  • single group under different circumstances or experiences (group v individual therapy)
  • based on relative rankings (severe v mild autism)
  • compare with samples from other studies
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5
Q

research designs methods to be used to control

A

variables (isolate dependent and independent variables)

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6
Q

control variables

A

external things that will affect dependent and independent variables

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7
Q

research designs timing and frequency of

A 
data collection (when, relative to other events)
overtime looking at change
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8
Q

research designs setting

A

(naturalistic v laboratory)

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9
Q

research designs nature of communications with subjects

A

(fully divulge or not)

are you going to tell them they’re subjects

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10
Q

dimensions along which designs can be described

A
  1. experimental vs non-experimental
  2. degree of structure imposed
  3. time dimension
  4. type of group comparisions betwene subjects and within subjects
  5. non-experimental
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11
Q

experimental

A

quantitative

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12
Q

non-experimental

A

qualitative

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13
Q

degree of structure imposed

A

how much we are controlling

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14
Q

time dimension

A
  • longitudinal

- cross-sectional

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15
Q

multiple points of data collection secondary to

A
  • study time related processes
  • determine time sequences
  • developing comparisons
  • enhancing research control
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16
Q

trend studies

A
  • looking at impact of something that is happening over time
  • multiple periods of time
  • observing what’s going on with trends
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17
Q

cohort

A
  • when you take small population (by age)

- study them over time with respect to a phenomenon (subject)

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18
Q

panel studies

A

take same cohort and measure across 2 periods of time

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19
Q

follow up studies

A

how they feel about same topic in a period of time (5 years down the road)

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20
Q

cross section cohort

A

comparing 2 different cohorts

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21
Q

follow up study can be

A

panel study

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22
Q

type of group comparisons between subjects and within subjects

A

2 subjects at the same time

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23
Q

within subjects

A

in same group of people (more control of variables)

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24
Q

between subjects

A

different group of people

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25
Q

non-experimental

A

not manipulating anything (qualitative)

  • retrospective
  • prospective
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26
Q

retrospective

A
  • have an outcome

- want to knwo what causes are (antecedent) study prior to habits

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27
Q

prospective

A
  • know causing variables
  • going forward in time
  • see how many develop outcomes
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28
Q

cons of retrospective

A
  • memory might not be accurate
  • might get defensive
  • might not be telling the truth
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29
Q

usually do prospective after you gain evidence from

A

retrospective

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30
Q

good design must be

A

appropriate to question asked

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31
Q

good design minimize

A

biases that can distort results of study

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32
Q

biases result from

A
  1. differences among participants in groups (non-random groups)
  2. researcher’s preconceptions minimize this (can do double blind study)
  3. use triangulation to reduce bias
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33
Q

good design precision must be enhanced

A

sensitivity with which effect of independent variable relative to effects of (confounding) extraneous variable can be detected, want it high

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34
Q

good design power should be adequately dealt with

A
  • ability of design to create maximal contrast amongst group being compared
  • one can detect relationship between variables
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35
Q

true experimental designs

A
  • manipulation
  • control
  • randomization
36
Q

manipulation

A

independent variables

37
Q

control

A

not getting any treatment

outside things impact treatment

38
Q

randomization

A

pick random from different population

  • extreme view will be cancelled
  • equal chance that they can be picked for any group
39
Q

examples of randomization

A
  • table of random #’s
  • flipping a coin
  • most reliable method for equating groups on all possible characteristics that could effect outcome of study
40
Q

cluster randomization

A

picking people in clusters, random, pick a bunch to represent zip code

41
Q

matching

A

people in each group match and have equal numbers

42
Q

experimental designs: basic

A
  • posttest only

- pretest/posttest

43
Q

posttest only

A

someone’s been given a treatment and measuring outcome after the fact

44
Q

pretest/posttest

A

measuring outcomes before and after

45
Q

solomon four group design

A

take into account influence of pretesting on subsequent posttest results

46
Q

factorial design

A

1 independent and 1 dependent

47
Q

main effects

A

1 variable

48
Q

interaction effects

A

combine independent varibales

49
Q

repeated measures design (cross over)

A

each patient is randomly assigned to a sequence of treatments

50
Q

randomized control trials

A

population receiving the program or policy intervention is chosen at random from eligible population, and control group is also chosen at random from the same eligible population

51
Q

quasi experimental designs

A
  • manipulation and control or randomization
  • non-equivalent control group design
  • time series designs
  • time series- non-equivalent control group design
52
Q

non-experimental designs

A
  • why choose them?
  • 2 broad classes
  • ex-post facto research
  • descriprive
53
Q

ex-post facto research

A

after-the-fact research is a category of research design in which the investigation starts after the fact has occurred without interference from the researcher

54
Q

descriptive

A
  • descriptive correlational
  • univariate descriptive
  • retrospective
  • prospective
55
Q

other non-experimental types

A
  • survey research
  • evaluation research
  • needs assessment
  • secondary analysis
  • meta analysis
  • historical research
  • case studies (single subject designs)
56
Q

strategies in a research study

A
  • triangulation
  • mixed methods
  • fully integrated
57
Q

triangulation

A

collecting data from 3 ways

58
Q

mixed methods

A

mixing methods from different parts of continuum

59
Q

fully integrated

A

different methods work hand in hand

60
Q

integrated research designs 2 broad categories in multi-method research

A
  • component

- integrated

61
Q

component

A
  • triangulated
  • complementarity
  • expansion
62
Q

integrated

A
  • iterative
  • embedded or nested
  • holistic
  • transformative
63
Q

advantages of experimental design

A

most powerful method available for testing hypotheses of cause and effect relationships between varaibles

64
Q

disadvantage of experimental designs

A
  • many situations in which experimental design is impossible
  • secondary to ethical or protocol considerations
  • artificiality of setting
  • randomness not always real
65
Q

hawthrone effect

A
  • placebo effect

- knowledge of being included in study may be sufficent to cause people to change their behavior

66
Q

study could have double hawthorne effect

A
  • when those conducting study also change their behvaior

- therefore, do double blind study so neither researcher nor subject know

67
Q

repeated measures design

A
  • one group tested under all conditions

- within subjects design

68
Q

repeated measures design strong design because of

A

ability to control potential influence of individual differences

69
Q

repeated measure design disadvantage is

A
  • practice effects
  • exposure to test
  • one way to combat this is increase length of time between treatments, so subject’s scores can go back to baseline
70
Q

one way repeated measure design

A

1 group of subjects exposed to all levels of 1 independent variable

  • order effects can occur
  • that is potential biasing effect of test sequence
  • so randomize order of presentation for each subject
  • 1 way ANOVA test
71
Q

ANOVA

A
  • Analysis of variance

- find out whether differences between groups of data are statistically significant

72
Q

crossover design

A

when there are only 2 levels of independent variable

  • 1/2 recieve treatment A, then treatment B
  • 1/2 recieve treatment B followed by treatment A
  • again add time in between to remove any testing effect or treatment residual effect
  • 2 way ANOVA, paired t-test
73
Q

paired t-test

A

interested in the difference between two variables for the same subject

74
Q

two way design with two repeated measures

A
  • 2 independent variables with 2 levels each
  • subjects get all 4 conditions
  • 2 way ANOVA
75
Q

correlational

A

degree of association among variables

-it is function of covariation in data

76
Q

descriptive correlational

A

describe nature of existing relationships

77
Q

univariate descriptive

A

1 variable

78
Q

restrospective

A

examine data collected in past

79
Q

prospective

A

current data and follow up in future

80
Q

survey research

A

statistical

81
Q

evaluation research

A

how well something is doing (standardize)

what is going on

82
Q

needs assessment

A

collect data on what place is like/what they need may have multiple needs

83
Q

secondary analysis

A

take existing data set ask different research question and analyze

84
Q

meta analysis

A

take a bunch of studies that are asking same question and study in different population combine statistically (quanitiative)

85
Q

content analysis

A

can be numerical/qualitative

frequency of idea

86
Q

historical research

A

go back and look at old records/artifacts to recreate history

87
Q

case studies

A

look at individual in depth every client factor

look at them holistically

728: Research (15 decks)

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