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728: Research > research design > Flashcards

research design Flashcards

1
Q

research design is the

A

overall plan for answering the research question

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2
Q

question should have

A
  1. nature of comparison
  2. type of setting
  3. population, sample
  4. independent and dependent variable
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3
Q

comparisons between two groups or more

A
  • single group: 2 or more points in time (pre/post)
  • single group under different circumstances or experiences (group vs individual therapy)
  • based on relative rankings (severe vs mild autism)
  • compare with samples from other studies
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4
Q

research designs also include

A
  • methods to be used to contol variables (isolate dependent and independent variables)
  • timing and frequency of data collection (when, relative to other events)
  • setting (naturalistic vs laboratory)
  • nature of communications with subjects (fully divulge or not)
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5
Q

dimensions along which designs can be described

A
  1. experimental vs non-experimental
  2. degree of structure imposed
  3. time dimension
  4. type of group comparisons between subjects and within subjects
  5. non-experimental
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6
Q

experimental

A

quantitative

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7
Q

non-experimental

A

qualitative

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8
Q

degree of structure imposed

A

how much we are controlling

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9
Q

time dimension

A
  • longitudinal

- cross-sectional

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10
Q

longitudinal

A

looking for change in time

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11
Q

cross-sectional

A

collecting data at 2 points in time

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12
Q

multiple points of data collection secondary to

A

studying time related processes
determine time sequences
developing comparisons
enhancing research control

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13
Q

trend studies

A

periods of time

observing what’s going on with trends

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14
Q

cohort

A

when you take a small population (by age)

study them over time with respect to a phenomenon (subject)

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15
Q

panel studies

A

take same cohort and measure across 2 periods of time

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16
Q

follow up studies

A

how they feel about same topic in a period of time

ex 5 years down the line

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17
Q

cross section cohort

A

comparing 2 different cohorts follow up study can be a panel study

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18
Q

within subjects

A

in same group of people (more control of variables)

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19
Q

between subjects

A

different group of people

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20
Q

non-experimental

A

not manipulating anything (qualitative)

  • retrospective
  • prospective
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21
Q

retrospective

A

have an outcome

want to know what causes are (antecedent) study prior habits

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22
Q

prospective

A

know causing variables
going forward in time
see how many develop outcomes

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23
Q

usually do prospective after you gain evidence from

A

retrospective

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24
Q

cons of retrospective

A

memory might not be accurate
might get defensive
might not tell the truth

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25
Q

characteristics of a good design

A
  • must be appropriate to question asked
  • minimize biases that can distort results of study
  • precision must be enhanced
  • power should be adequately dealt with
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26
Q

biases result from

A
  1. differences among participants in groups
  2. researchers preconceptions
  3. use triangulation
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27
Q

differences among participants in groups

A

more so in non-random groups

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28
Q

researcher’s preconceptions minimize this

A

can do a double blind study

neither participant nor data collector knows specific research objectives

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29
Q

use triangulation to

A

reduce bias

at least 3 points of data collection

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30
Q

precision must be enhanced

A

sensitivity with which effect of independent variable relative to effects of extraneous variable (confounding) can be detected
want it high

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31
Q

power should be adequately dealt with

A

ability of design to create maximal contrast amongst group being compared
one can detect relationship between variables

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32
Q

experimental designs

A

characteristics of true experience

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33
Q

characteristics of true experience

A
  • manipulation
  • control
  • randomization
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34
Q

manipulation

A

independent varibale

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35
Q

control

A

not getting any treatment
outside things that impact treatment
ex control environment

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36
Q

randomization

A 
pick random from different population
extreme view will be cancelled
equal chance that they can be picked for any group
-table of random #s
-cluster randomization
-matching
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37
Q

table of random #’s

A

flipping a coin, most reliable method for equating groups on all possible characteristics that could effect outcome of study

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38
Q

cluster

A

picking people in clusters, random, pick a bunch to represent zip code

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39
Q

matching

A

people in each group match and have equal numbers

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40
Q

experimental designs

A
  • basic
  • Solomon 4 group design
  • factorial design
  • repeated measures
  • randomized control trials
41
Q

posttest only

A

someone’s been given a treatment and measuring outcome after the fact

42
Q

pretest

A

measuring outcomes before and after

43
Q

basic

A
  • posttest ony

- pretest/postest

44
Q

Solomon 4 group design

A

take into account influence of pretesting on subsequent posttest results

45
Q

factorial design

A

1 independent and 1 dependent

  • main effects
  • interaction effects
46
Q

main effects

A

1 variable

47
Q

interaction effects

A

combine independent varibales

48
Q

quasi experimental designs

A
  • manipulation + control or randomization
  • non-equivalent control group design
  • time series designs
  • times series: non-equivalent control group design
49
Q

non-experimental designs 2 broad classes

A
  1. ex-post factor research

2. descriptive

50
Q

ex-post factor research

A

coorelational

51
Q

descriptive

A
  • descriptive correlational
  • univariate descriptive
  • retrospective
  • prospective
52
Q

other non-experimental types

A
  • survey research
  • evaluation research
  • needs assessment
  • secondary analysis
  • meta analysis
  • historical research
  • case studies (single subject designs)
53
Q

qualitative designs field studies

A
  • ethnography
  • phenomenology
  • grounded theory
54
Q

ethnography

A

roots in anthropology

55
Q

phenomoneology

A

roots in philosophy

56
Q

ethnomethodology

A

roots in sociology

57
Q

ethnomethodology

A

roots in sociology

58
Q

strategies in a research study

A
  • triangulation
  • mixed methods
  • fully integrated
59
Q

integrated research designs 2 broad categories in multi-method research

A
  • component

- integrated

60
Q

component

A
  • triangulated
  • complementarity
  • expansion
61
Q

integrated

A
  • iterative
  • embedded or nested
  • holistic
  • transformative
62
Q

advantages of experimental designs

A

most powerful method available for testing hypotheses of cause and effect relationships between variable

63
Q

disadvantages of experimental designs

A

many situations in which experimental design is impossible, secondary to ethical or protocol considerations, artificiality or setting, randomness not always real

64
Q

Hawthorne effect (placebo effect)

A

knowledge of being included in a study may be sufficient to cause people to change their behavior

65
Q

study could have double hawthorn effect

A

when those conducting study also change their behavior

therefore, do a double blind study so neither researcher nor subject know

66
Q

repeated measures design

A

-one group tested under all conditions (within subjects design)

67
Q

repeated measures design

A

-one group tested under all conditions (within subjects design)

68
Q

one group tested under all conditions (within subjects design) strong design because of

A

ability to control potential influence of individual differences

69
Q

one group tested under all conditions (within subjects design disadvantage is practice effects

A

exposure to test

one way to combat this is increase length of time between treatments, so subject’s scores can go back to baseline

70
Q

one way repeated measures design

A

one group of subjects exposed to all levels of one Independent variable
order effects can occur, that is potential biasing effect of test sequence, so randomize order of presentation for each subject
one way ANOVA test

71
Q

crossover design

A
  • only 2 levels of individual variable
  • half receive treatment A, then treatment B
  • half revieve treatment B followed by treatment A
  • again add time in between to remove any testing effect or treatment residual effect
  • 2 way ANOVA, paired t-test
72
Q

two way design with two repeated measures

A
  • 2 individual variable with two levels each
  • subjects get all 4 conditions
  • 2 way ANOVA
73
Q

efficacy

A

examining benefit of treatment as compared to control group or standard of care group

74
Q

effectiveness

A

benefits and use of procedures under real world conditions

75
Q

quasi experimental designs

A
  • manipulation + control OR randomization
  • non-equivalent control group design
  • time series designs
76
Q

time series

A

non-equivalent control group design

77
Q

quasi experimental designs: one group-pre-test/post-test design

A

paired t-test, on small samples with ordinal data-Wilcoxon sign rank

78
Q

quasi experimental designs: one way repeated measures design

A

one way ANOVA

79
Q

quasi experimental designs: time series design

A
  • multiple measures before and after tx, to document trends

- use graphic visual analysis

80
Q

quasi experimental designs: non-equivalent pre-test/post-test control group design

A
  • groups are not equal

- paired t-test, ANOVA

81
Q

quasi experimental designs: non-equivalent post-test only control group design

A
  • regression analysis

- discriminant analysis

82
Q

non-experimental designs: 2 broad classes

A
  • ex-post facto research

- descriptive

83
Q

non-experimental designs: ex-post facto research

A
  • after fact (intervention)

- correlational

84
Q

correlational

A
  • degree of association among variables

- it is a function of covariation in data

85
Q

non-experimental designs: descriptive

A
  • descriprive correlational
  • univariate descriptive
  • retrospective
  • prospective
86
Q

descriptive coorelational

A

describe nature of existing relationships

87
Q

univariate descriptive

A

one variable

88
Q

retrospective

A

examine data collected in past

89
Q

prospective

A

current data and follow up in future

90
Q

non-experimental designs (quantitative)

A
  • survey research
  • evaluation research
  • needs assessment
  • secondary analysis
  • meta analysis
  • content analysis
  • historical research
  • case studies
91
Q

survery research

A

statistical

92
Q

evaluation research

A
  • how well something is doing? (standardized)

- what is going on?

93
Q

needs assessment

A

collect data on what place is like/what they need may have multiple needs

94
Q

secondary analysis

A

take existing data set ask different research question and alalyze

95
Q

meta analysis

A

take a bunch of study that are asking same question and their population combine statistically (quantitative)

96
Q

content analaysis

A
  • can be numerical/qualitative

- frequency of idea

97
Q

historical research

A

go back and look at old records/artifacts to recreate history

98
Q

cases studies

A

look at individual in depth every client factor look at them historically
-single subject designs

728: Research (15 decks)

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