homework Flashcards
The assumption that all phenomena have antecedent causes is called
determinism
Evidence that is rooted in objective reality and gathered through the human senses is known as
empirical evidence
The type of research that involves the systematic collection and analysis of controlled, numeric information is known as
quantitative
Assumes that reality exists and that it can be objectively studied and known
positivist paradigm
Subjectivity in inquiries is inevitable and desirable
naturalist paradigm
Assumes reality is a construction and that many constructions are possible
naturalist paradigm
Relies primarily on the collection and analysis of quantitative information
positivist paradigm
Develops knowledge primarily through deductive processes.
positivist paradigm
Dosage of a new drug
continuous variable
employment status
categorical variable
method of teaching patients (structured vs unstructured)
categorical variable
number of times hospitalized
discrete variable (not categorized)
presence or abscence of decubitus
categorical variable
number of degrees ROM
constant
variable that is presumed effect
dependent
variable that is dichotomous
dependent and independent
variable that is an attribute
dependent and independent
variable that requires an operational definition
dependent and independent
variable that is main outcome of interest in study
dependent variable
length of stay in hospital
dependent and independent
variable that researcher wants to understand, explain or predict is known as
dependent (criterion)
when data are in form of narrative descriptions, data are said to be
qualitative
when little is known about a topic or phenomeno___research is likely to be more furiful than ___
qualitative/quantitative
small scale trial run of a research study is referred to as
pilot study
task of organizing and synthesizing information collected in a study is known as
data analysis
Why is it important for OT’s who may not conduct their own research to understand the research methods?
be a critical consumer of research and use it appropriately for clients
understand state of knowledge in a particular area and be able to communicate that with other professionals as well as client
The most ingrained source of knowledge, and the one that is the most difficult to challenge is
scientific approach
The process of developing generalizations from specific observations is referred to as
tradition
The scientific approach has as its philosophical underpinnings a school of thought known as
inductive reasoning
The scientific approach has as its philosophical underpinnings a school of thought known as
logical postivism
sources of human knowledge
- tradition
- authority
- experience
- logical reasoning
The four purposes of scientific research include:
- description
- exploration
- explanation
- prediction and control
Determinism is the belief that all phenomenon have antecedent (preceding) causes.
true
Limitations of the scientific method include
A. Moral or ethical issues
B. Human complexity
C. Measurement problems
D. Control problems
There is no relationship between participation in caregiver’s training and the health outcomes of Occupational therapy clients.
null hypotheses
Occupational therapy students are increasingly interested in obtaining advanced degrees
not a hypothesis as stated
A person’s age is related to his or her difficulty in accessing health care
research hypothesis non-directional
increased noise levels result in increased anxiety among hospitalized patients
research hypotheses directional
Patient’s compliance with their medication regimen is related to their perception of the consequences of non-compliance.
research hypothesis non-directional
A cancer patient’s degree of hopefulness regarding the future is unrelated to his or her religiosity.
null hypothesis
The presence of homonymous hemi-anopia in patients with stroke negatively affects their length of stay in the hospital.
research hypotheses directional
The five most common sources of ideas for research problems are
- experience
- literature
- social issues
- theory
- external sources
Research hypotheses state a predicted ________________ between variables
relationship
A hypothesis that states a prediction regarding two or more independent and two or more dependent variables is called a(n) _________________________________ or __________________________ hypothesis
multivariate/complex
Theories form the basis for ________________________ hypotheses through the process of __________________________ .
directional/deduction
One of the major purposes of a literature review is to ascertain what research has already been done in the area.
true
A published literature review article would be considered a primary source for a person doing a literature review on the same topic.
false
A well-written literature review is characterized by numerous quotations from research studies
false
The literature review section should conclude with a critical evaluation of knowledge on the problem of interest.
true
The six sections typically found in research journal articles are
- abstract
- introduction
- method
- results
- discussion
- references
Quantity of references is less important in a good literature review than the ________ of the references.
relevance
The literature review should make clear not only what is known about a problem but also any ____________________________ in the research.
gaps
Describes the research design
method
In quantitative studies, presents the statistical analysis
results
Identifies the research questions or statement of purpose
introduction
Presents a brief summary of the major features of the study
abstract
Identifies the study sample
method
Offers an interpretation of study findings
discussion
Offers a rationale for the study and describes its significance
introduction
Describes how the research data were collected
method
Identifies the study’s main limitations
discussion
In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the
independent variable
The manipulation that the researcher introduces is referred to as the experimental
treatment intervention
Randomization is performed so that groups will be formed without
systematic bias
When more than one independent variable is being simultaneously manipulated by the researcher, the design is referred to as a(n)
factorial design
When neither the subjects nor the individuals collecting data know in which group a subject is participating, the procedures are called
double-blind
Each factor in an experimental design must have two or more
levels
Another term for repeated measures design is a(n)
crossover
A primary objective of a true experiment is to enable the researcher to infer
causality
When a true experimental design is not used, the control group is usually referred to as the
comparison group
A quasi-experimental design that involves repeated observations over time is referred to as a(n)
time series design
The difficulty with a non-equivalent control group design is that the experimental and comparison groups cannot be assumed to be ________________ before the intervention
equal (equivalent)
When no variable is manipulated in a study, the research is called
nonexperimental
Correlation does not prove
causation
A retrospective design that involves a comparison of a group with a specified disease or condition with another group without the disease or condition is called a(n)
case-control design
The method of collecting needs assessment data by questioning knowledgeable individuals is known as the
key information approach
Secondary analysis involves the use of previously collected
data
In content analysis, the most common units of analysis used by nurse researchers are _________________________ and _____________________
themes/items
The aspect of research design that concerns whether or not there is an intervention involves the distinction between _____________ and _____________ designs
experimental/nonexperimental
When data are collected at a single point in time, the design is referred to as
cross-sectional
A design that maximizes the variability in the dependent variable that can be attributed to the independent variable is enhancing the ___________________ of the study.
precision
Longitudinal studies conducted to determine the long-term outcome of some condition or intervention are called
follow-up studies
A prospective design is more rigorous in elucidating casual relationships than a(n)
retrospective design
Any influence that can distort the results of study is known as a(n)
bias
When comparison groups are designed to be as different as possible, the
power of the design is enhanced
Designs for qualitative studies tend to be highly
flexible
Highly structured and contrived settings designed specifically for the conduct of research are known as
laboratory settings
The major conceptual frameworks of occupational therapy demand neither ________ nor __________________data.
qualitative/quantitative
A frequent application of multimethod studies is in the development of research
instruments
In a(n) _______________ design, the qualitative and quantitative portions of the study are implemented as discrete aspects.
component
