homework Flashcards
1
Q
The assumption that all phenomena have antecedent causes is called
A
determinism
2
Q
Evidence that is rooted in objective reality and gathered through the human senses is known as
A
empirical evidence
3
Q
The type of research that involves the systematic collection and analysis of controlled, numeric information is known as
A
quantitative
4
Q
Assumes that reality exists and that it can be objectively studied and known
A
positivist paradigm
5
Q
Subjectivity in inquiries is inevitable and desirable
A
naturalist paradigm
6
Q
Assumes reality is a construction and that many constructions are possible
A
naturalist paradigm
7
Q
Relies primarily on the collection and analysis of quantitative information
A
positivist paradigm
8
Q
Develops knowledge primarily through deductive processes.
A
positivist paradigm
9
Q
Dosage of a new drug
A
continuous variable
10
Q
employment status
A
categorical variable
11
Q
method of teaching patients (structured vs unstructured)
A
categorical variable
12
Q
number of times hospitalized
A
discrete variable (not categorized)
13
Q
presence or abscence of decubitus
A
categorical variable
14
Q
number of degrees ROM
A
constant
15
Q
variable that is presumed effect
A
dependent
16
Q
variable that is dichotomous
A
dependent and independent
17
Q
variable that is an attribute
A
dependent and independent
18
Q
variable that requires an operational definition
A
dependent and independent
19
Q
variable that is main outcome of interest in study
A
dependent variable
20
Q
length of stay in hospital
A
dependent and independent
21
Q
variable that researcher wants to understand, explain or predict is known as
A
dependent (criterion)
22
Q
when data are in form of narrative descriptions, data are said to be
A
qualitative
23
Q
when little is known about a topic or phenomeno___research is likely to be more furiful than ___
A
qualitative/quantitative
24
Q
small scale trial run of a research study is referred to as
A
pilot study
25
task of organizing and synthesizing information collected in a study is known as
data analysis
26
Why is it important for OT’s who may not conduct their own research to understand the research methods?
be a critical consumer of research and use it appropriately for clients
understand state of knowledge in a particular area and be able to communicate that with other professionals as well as client
27
The most ingrained source of knowledge, and the one that is the most difficult to challenge is
scientific approach
28
The process of developing generalizations from specific observations is referred to as
tradition
29
The scientific approach has as its philosophical underpinnings a school of thought known as
inductive reasoning
30
The scientific approach has as its philosophical underpinnings a school of thought known as
logical postivism
31
sources of human knowledge
- tradition
- authority
- experience
- logical reasoning
32
The four purposes of scientific research include:
- description
- exploration
- explanation
- prediction and control
33
Determinism is the belief that all phenomenon have antecedent (preceding) causes.
true
34
Limitations of the scientific method include
A. Moral or ethical issues
B. Human complexity
C. Measurement problems
D. Control problems
35
There is no relationship between participation in caregiver’s training and the health outcomes of Occupational therapy clients.
null hypotheses
36
Occupational therapy students are increasingly interested in obtaining advanced degrees
not a hypothesis as stated
37
A person’s age is related to his or her difficulty in accessing health care
research hypothesis non-directional
38
increased noise levels result in increased anxiety among hospitalized patients
research hypotheses directional
39
Patient’s compliance with their medication regimen is related to their perception of the consequences of non-compliance.
research hypothesis non-directional
40
A cancer patient’s degree of hopefulness regarding the future is unrelated to his or her religiosity.
null hypothesis
41
The presence of homonymous hemi-anopia in patients with stroke negatively affects their length of stay in the hospital.
research hypotheses directional
42
The five most common sources of ideas for research problems are
- experience
- literature
- social issues
- theory
- external sources
43
Research hypotheses state a predicted ________________ between variables
relationship
44
A hypothesis that states a prediction regarding two or more independent and two or more dependent variables is called a(n) _________________________________ or __________________________ hypothesis
multivariate/complex
45
Theories form the basis for ________________________ hypotheses through the process of __________________________ .
directional/deduction
46
One of the major purposes of a literature review is to ascertain what research has already been done in the area.
true
47
A published literature review article would be considered a primary source for a person doing a literature review on the same topic.
false
48
A well-written literature review is characterized by numerous quotations from research studies
false
49
The literature review section should conclude with a critical evaluation of knowledge on the problem of interest.
true
50
The six sections typically found in research journal articles are
- abstract
- introduction
- method
- results
- discussion
- references
51
Quantity of references is less important in a good literature review than the ________ of the references.
relevance
52
The literature review should make clear not only what is known about a problem but also any ____________________________ in the research.
gaps
53
Describes the research design
method
54
In quantitative studies, presents the statistical analysis
results
55
Identifies the research questions or statement of purpose
introduction
56
Presents a brief summary of the major features of the study
abstract
57
Identifies the study sample
method
58
Offers an interpretation of study findings
discussion
59
Offers a rationale for the study and describes its significance
introduction
60
Describes how the research data were collected
method
61
Identifies the study’s main limitations
discussion
62
In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the
independent variable
63
The manipulation that the researcher introduces is referred to as the experimental
treatment intervention
64
Randomization is performed so that groups will be formed without
systematic bias
65
When more than one independent variable is being simultaneously manipulated by the researcher, the design is referred to as a(n)
factorial design
66
When neither the subjects nor the individuals collecting data know in which group a subject is participating, the procedures are called
double-blind
67
Each factor in an experimental design must have two or more
levels
68
Another term for repeated measures design is a(n)
crossover
69
A primary objective of a true experiment is to enable the researcher to infer
causality
70
When a true experimental design is not used, the control group is usually referred to as the
comparison group
71
A quasi-experimental design that involves repeated observations over time is referred to as a(n)
time series design
72
The difficulty with a non-equivalent control group design is that the experimental and comparison groups cannot be assumed to be ________________ before the intervention
equal (equivalent)
73
When no variable is manipulated in a study, the research is called
nonexperimental
74
Correlation does not prove
causation
75
A retrospective design that involves a comparison of a group with a specified disease or condition with another group without the disease or condition is called a(n)
case-control design
76
The method of collecting needs assessment data by questioning knowledgeable individuals is known as the
key information approach
77
Secondary analysis involves the use of previously collected
data
78
In content analysis, the most common units of analysis used by nurse researchers are _________________________ and _____________________
themes/items
79
The aspect of research design that concerns whether or not there is an intervention involves the distinction between _____________ and _____________ designs
experimental/nonexperimental
80
When data are collected at a single point in time, the design is referred to as
cross-sectional
81
A design that maximizes the variability in the dependent variable that can be attributed to the independent variable is enhancing the ___________________ of the study.
precision
82
Longitudinal studies conducted to determine the long-term outcome of some condition or intervention are called
follow-up studies
83
A prospective design is more rigorous in elucidating casual relationships than a(n)
retrospective design
84
Any influence that can distort the results of study is known as a(n)
bias
85
When comparison groups are designed to be as different as possible, the
power of the design is enhanced
86
Designs for qualitative studies tend to be highly
flexible
87
Highly structured and contrived settings designed specifically for the conduct of research are known as
laboratory settings
88
The major conceptual frameworks of occupational therapy demand neither ________ nor __________________data.
qualitative/quantitative
89
A frequent application of multimethod studies is in the development of research
instruments
90
In a(n) _______________ design, the qualitative and quantitative portions of the study are implemented as discrete aspects.
component
