Scalp and Cranial Cavity

Question 1

what are the 5 layers of the scalp

Answer 1

skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

Question 2

what are the first 3 layers of the scalp and what are they known as collectively

Answer 2

skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis - scalp proper

Question 3

what does the skin layer contain

Answer 3

hair follicles, sweat, sebaceous glands

Question 4

what is the dense connective tissue

Answer 4

subcutaneous layer richly vascularised with cutaneous nerves

Question 5

what is the epicranial aponeurosis

Answer 5

tendon and muscle of occipitofrontalis

Question 6

what is the loose connective tissue

Answer 6

loose areolar tissue containing spaces susceptible to fluid/infection spread

Question 7

what is the pericranium

Answer 7

external periosteum of skull

Question 8

where are the spaces for potential accumulation of fluid/spread of infection

Answer 8

between aponeurosis and pericranium

Question 9

how can fluid/infection spread to the eyelids or root of nose

Answer 9

frontal belly of occipitofrontalis inserts into SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE not bone so there can be no trapping of infection frontally

Question 10

how do scalp infections spread to the intracranial structures

Answer 10

via emissary veins

Question 11

what is the sensory/cutaneous innervation of the face by

Answer 11

trigeminal nerve

Question 12

what is the motor innervation of the face by

Answer 12

facial nerve

Question 13

what is the posterior part of the head innervated by

Answer 13

cervical spinal nerves 2 and 3

Question 14

what is the arterial blood supply to the scalp

Answer 14

internal and external carotid arteries

Question 15

what are the branches of the internal carotid artery supplying the scalp

Answer 15

supraorbital and supratrochlear

Question 16

what are the branches of the external carotid artery suppling the scalp

Answer 16

superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital

Question 17

what is the posterior lymphatic drainage of the scalp

Answer 17

mastoid and occipital nodes drain to deep cervical nodes

Question 18

what lymph nodes are present in the anterior scalp

Answer 18

pre-auricular and parotid nodes

Question 19

what does everything in the scalp eventually drain to

Answer 19

internal jugular vein lymph nodes

Question 20

what are the 3 cranial fossa

Answer 20

anterior, middle, posterior

Question 21

what bones is the anterior cranial fossa made up of

Answer 21

frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

Question 22

what sits in the anterior cranial fossa

Answer 22

frontal lobes

Question 23

what passes through the foramina of the cribriform plate

Answer 23

olfactory fibres

Question 24

what are the frontal crest and the crista galli

Answer 24

attachment sites

Question 25

what bones is the middle cranial fossa made up of

Answer 25

sphenoid and temporal bones

Question 26

what occupies the middle cranial fossa

Answer 26

temporal lobes

Question 27

where does the pituitary gland lie?

Answer 27

hypophyseal fossa (deepest part of sellae turcica)

Question 28

what is the main landmark of the middle cranial fossa

Answer 28

the crescent of foramina

Question 29

what foramina are present in the middle cranial fossa

Answer 29

superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

Question 30

what passes through the superior orbital fissure

Answer 30

CNIII, IV, V, VI

Question 31

what passes through the foramen rotundum

Answer 31

CNV2

Question 32

what passes through the foramen ovale

Answer 32

CNV3 and accessory meningeal artery

Question 33

what passes through the foramen spinosum

Answer 33

middle meningeal artery and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

Question 34

what bones make up the posterior cranial fossa

Answer 34

sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones

Question 35

what occupies the posterior cranial fossa

Answer 35

cerebellum and brainstem

Question 36

what is the clivus

Answer 36

where the brainstem enters the foramen magnum

Question 37

what is the jugular foramen for

Answer 37

jugular vein and cranial nerves to exit (also for some dural infolds to drain into venous structures)

Question 38

what are buttresses

Answer 38

thicker portions of cranial bone that transmit forces around weaker regions of the cranium

Question 39

what are cranial meninges

Answer 39

membranous layers that help in protection of the brain

Question 40

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater

Answer 40

periosteal layer (attached to bone) and meningeal layer (in contact with arachnoid mater)

Question 41

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater separated by

Answer 41

venous sinuses and dural folds

Question 42

where is the arachnoid mater

Answer 42

lines the dura mater but not attached

Question 43

what are the 3 types of mater

Answer 43

dura, arachnoid, pia

Question 44

what is the subarachnoid space

Answer 44

space below arachnoid mater filled with fluid (CSF)

Question 45

what drains the CSF from the subarachnoid space

Answer 45

arachnoid villi

Question 46

what is a collection of arachnoid villi called

Answer 46

arachnoid granulation

Question 47

where can arachnoid granulations be found

Answer 47

in the sagittal sinus and lateral lacunae

Question 48

what is pia mater

Answer 48

thin membrane attached to surface of the brain

Question 49

where does the pia mater go

Answer 49

enters the sulci of the brain and all of the fissures

Question 50

what are the 4 dura mater folds

Answer 50

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae

Question 51

what do the dura folds do

Answer 51

limits the movement of the brain within the cavity so if there is trauma the brain doesn’t move

Question 52

what is the blood supply of the dura mater

Answer 52

meningeal arteries (anterior, middle, accessory, posterior)