Cervical Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

what does the somatic nervous system control

Answer 1

voluntary movement

Question 2

what does the autonomic nervous system control

Answer 2

viscera of body (involuntary response)

Question 3

what does the sympathetic nervous system innervate

Answer 3

periphery

Question 4

what does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate

Answer 4

core of body

Question 5

when is there an increase in sympathetic activity

Answer 5

in times of stress, fear and anxiety

Question 6

when is there an increase in parasympathetic activity

Answer 6

when sedentary

Question 7

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

control involuntary physiological processes

Question 8

what do autonomic pathways consist of

Answer 8

2 neurons which synapse in a ganglion

Question 9

what is the myelination of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the ANS

Answer 9

preganglionic are myelinated and postganglionic are non-myelinated

Question 10

which nervous system has a longer preganglionic neuron

Answer 10

parasympathetic

Question 11

what are the 2 neurotransmitters used for communication in ANS

Answer 11

acetylcholine and noradrenaline

Question 12

what are neurons that release acetylcholine called?

Answer 12

cholinergic fibres

Question 13

what are neurons which release noradrenaline called

Answer 13

adrenergic fibres

Question 14

where are the preganglionic neurons located in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

craniosacral - cranial segments (III, VII, IX, X), spinal segments (S2-S4) - closer to target organ

Question 15

where are the preganglionic neurons located in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

Question 16

what forms the sympathetic chain

Answer 16

paravertebral ganglia

Question 17

where is the sympathetic chain

Answer 17

extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx where the left and right chains join at ganglion impar

Question 18

what forms the stellate ganglion

Answer 18

C7 and T1 fusion

Question 19

where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord

Answer 19

through the ventral root

Question 20

where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons enter the ganglia of the sympathetic chain

Answer 20

via the white ramus communicans

Question 21

what are the 3 options of what preganglionic sympathetic neurons can do once entering sympathetic chain

Answer 21

1 - synapse in the ganglia at SAME LEVEL
2 - travel up/down chain to synapse at DIFFERENT LEVEL
3 - exit ganglia via SPLANCHNIC NERVE

Question 22

where does the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system begin

Answer 22

in the thoracolumbar region

Question 23

where do the preganglionic neurons on the sympathetic nervous system synapse

Answer 23

the cervical ganglia

Question 24

what are the cervical ganglia

Answer 24

superior, middle and inferior

Question 25

where is the superior cervical ganglion

Answer 25

C1/C2 near mastoid process

Question 26

where is the middle cervical ganglion

Answer 26

C6

Question 27

where is the inferior cervical ganglion

Answer 27

C7

Question 28

where is the stellate/cervicothoracic ganglion

Answer 28

near the superior thoracic aperture (anterior to the transverse process of C7 vertebra) C7&T1

Question 29

where does the middle cervical ganglion lie

Answer 29

anterior aspect of inferior thyroid artery and at level of cricoid cartilage and transverse process of C6

Question 30

which ganglion is good for spotting the sympathetic trunk

Answer 30

superior ganglion

Question 31

how do the post-ganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion reach their target organs in the head?

Answer 31

by forming a plexus around the common carotid artery and its branches

Question 32

what are the branches off of the superior cervical ganglion

Answer 32

ICA and ECA, cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4), pharynx, superior cardiac nerves

Question 33

what are the branches off of the middle cervical ganglion

Answer 33

cervical spinal nerve (C5,C6), middle cardiac nerves

Question 34

what are the branches off of the inferior cervical ganglion

Answer 34

vertebral artery, cervical spinal nerves (C7-T1; C7 and C8 to brachial plexus), inferior cardiac nerves

Question 35

what does the cervical ganglia innervate

Answer 35

eyes, eyelids, lacrimal glands, carotid body, salivary glands, sweat glands

Question 36

what is Horners syndrome

Answer 36

damage to cervical sympathetic trunk resulting in absence of sympathetically stimulated functions on ipsilateral side of head

Question 37

what are the signs of Horners syndrome

Answer 37

constriction of pupil (miosis), drooping of superior eyelid (ptosis), vasodilation and absence of sweating on face/neck

Question 38

which ganglia are prevertebral ganglia and lie ventral to the aorta

Answer 38

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Question 39

what is the adrenal medulla supplied by

Answer 39

sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons

Question 40

what do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla synapse with

Answer 40

chromaffin cells

Question 41

what do the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla release

Answer 41

adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream

Question 42

where do the preganglionic neurons of CNIII travel to and which nucleus does it come from?

Answer 42

from edinger-westphal nucleus in brainsteam to ciliary ganglion

Question 43

where do the postganglionic neurons of the CNIII travel to

Answer 43

innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

Question 44

where does CNVII travel to and which nucleus and ganglia does it come from

Answer 44

superior salvatory nucleus in brainstem - pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia - lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, submandibular gland

Question 45

where does the CNIX travel to and which nucleus and ganglion does it come from

Answer 45

inferior salvatory nucleus to otic ganglion to parotid gland

Question 46

what are the nerves of the cranial parasympathetic system

Answer 46

CNIII, CNVII, CNIX

Question 47

where is the ciliary ganglion

Answer 47

between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle

Question 48

where is the pterygopalatine ganglion

Answer 48

within the pterygopalatine fossa

Question 49

where is the submandibular ganglion

Answer 49

suspended from the lingual nerve, close to submandibular gland

Question 50

where is the otic ganglion

Answer 50

directly below foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa, medial to third branch of trigeminal nerve, posterior to medial pterygoid muscle

Question 51

where does the vagus nerve (CNX) supply parasympathetic supply to

Answer 51

thorax and abdomen

Question 52

where do the presynaptic neurons of the vagus nerve travel in its parasympathetic nervous pathway

Answer 52

from dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve and nucleus ambiguous to postganglionic fibres near/within target organ