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REPOSITORY - Head and Neck Anatomy > Gross Anatomy of Brain and Spinal Cord Part 2 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of Brain and Spinal Cord Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what marks the location of the visual cortex

A

calcarine sulcus

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2
Q

what are the parts of the corpus callosum

A

genu, body, splenium and rostrum

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3
Q

what are the coronal radiata

A

fibres running to and from the cortex and thalamus beneath the grey matter (run through internal capsule)

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4
Q

what are the parts of the internal capsule

A

anterior limb, posterior limb and genu

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5
Q

where does the anterior limb of the internal capsule run

A

between head of caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

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6
Q

where does the posterior limb of the internal capsule run

A

between lentiform nucleus and thalamus

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7
Q

what does the lentiform nucleus consist of

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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8
Q

why is the internal capsule vulnerable for stroke

A

because it is supplied by narrow arteries and which are easily blocked and it also has lots of nerves running through it which will have a devastating effect on the other side of body

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9
Q

where does the corticospinal tract run

A

passes through the lateral aspect of the posterior limb all the way through the CNS

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10
Q

what does the corticospinal tract mediate

A

voluntary movement across the body

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11
Q

what are the 5 basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen , subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

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12
Q

what is the corpus striatum made up of

A

caudate nucleus and putamen + globus pallidus

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13
Q

what is nuclei

A

grey matter connected to the thalamus, cortex and neighbouring nuclei

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14
Q

what do the nuclei do

A

project neurons to the thalamus with the thalamus acting as a relay for information to the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

what does damage to the basal nuclei result in

A

loss of control of movements (parkinsons/huntingtons)

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16
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

maintains homeostasis, monitors internal environment, controls release of hormones from pituitary gland

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17
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from pituitary gland

A

through releasing hormones

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18
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A

in the sellae turcica in the middle cranial fossa

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19
Q

what connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

pituitary stalk

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20
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland

A

regulates hormone release through releasing or inhibiting hormones

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21
Q

what hormones does the pituitary gland release

A

growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone

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22
Q

what is acromegaly caused by

A

overproduction of growth hormone by pituitary gland (pituitary tumour)

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23
Q

what do the symptoms of acromegaly include

A

growth of hands and feet, voice deeper, lips nose and tongue larger

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24
Q

if acromegaly is left untreated what can it lead to

A

high blood pressure, diabetes, sleep apnoea

25
Q

what are ventricles

A

fluid filled cavities within the brain that provide protection to the brain

26
Q

what do the ventricles produce

A

CSF

27
Q

what part of the ventricles produces CSF

A

choroidal epithelial cells of choroid plexus

28
Q

what are the different ventricles

A

lateral, 3rd, 4th

29
Q

what are the lateral ventricles separated by

A

septum pellucidum

30
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

31
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

32
Q

what does the CSF leave the 4th ventricle by

A

lateral / median apertures

33
Q

what happens if there is a blockage in the lateral and median apertures in the ventricular system

A

blockage, accumulation of CSF, distension of ventricles and compression of cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

how does the CSF protect the brain

A

by providing a cushion and buffer against blows to the head. provides buoyance in subarachnoid spaces preventing the brain from crushing the cranial nerve roots and blood vessels

35
Q

where does the CSF go after being circulated through the subarachnoid space

A

reabsorbed into the venous system through arachnoid villi and granulations

36
Q

what is the decussation of pyramids

A

structure in nervous system (brainstem) where fibres cross to the opposite side

37
Q

where does the spinal cord begin

A

at foramen magnum of skull as continuation of medulla

38
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

L1/L2 vertebrae

39
Q

what is the inferior end of the spinal cord known as

A

conus medullaris

40
Q

what does the conus medullaris continue as at the end of the spinal cord

A

filum terminale

41
Q

what does the filum terminale do

A

anchor spinal cord to coccyx

42
Q

what are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

43
Q

where is the cervical enlargement and what does it supply

A

C4-T1 - upper limbs

44
Q

where is the lumbosacral enlargement and what does it supply

A

T1-S1 - lower limbs

45
Q

what do the ventral horns innervate

A

efferent motor

46
Q

what do the dorsal horns innervate

A

afferent sensory

47
Q

what is the canal in the middle of the spinal horns filled by

A

CSF

48
Q

what do the ventral and dorsal nerves converge to become

A

spinal nerve

49
Q

where do the spinal nerves emerge from

A

adjacent vertebrae (except C1)

50
Q

where does c1 spinal nerve emerge from

A

between occipital bone of skull and C1 atlas

51
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by

A

meninges

52
Q

what does the spinal epidural space do

A

separate the spinal dura from the bony canal

53
Q

what are the layers protecting the spinal cord

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, epidural fat

54
Q

what is a myotome

A

anatomically and functionally related group of skeletal muscle innervated by a single nerve

55
Q

what is a dermatome

A

localised area of skin innervated by a single nerve

56
Q

why does C1 not have a dermatome

A

it doesnt have an afferent component

57
Q

where do the sensory afferent fibres synapse

A

in thalamus and spinal ganglia

58
Q

what does the conus medullaris continue as at the end of the spinal cord

A

filum terminale

REPOSITORY - Head and Neck Anatomy (25 decks)

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