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save my exams carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomers

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

Polymers

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain

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3
Q

biological molecules found in living organisms

A

protein
carbohydrate

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4
Q

proteins found in living organisms

A

polypeptide
c h o n
amino acids

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5
Q

carbohydrates found in living organisms

A

c h o
polysaccharide
single unit of sugar monosaccharide

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C, H and O
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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7
Q

definition of monosaccharides

A

single sugar monomer which are reducing sugars

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8
Q

monosaccharides examples

A

ribose
glucose

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9
Q

function of monosaccharides

A

-source of energy for respiration
-building blocks for polymers

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10
Q

definition of disaccharides

A

a sugar formed from two monosaccharide joined by glycosidic bonds formed in a condenation reaction

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11
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose - glucose+glucose
sucrose -glucose +fructoe
lactose-glucose+galact3wwwwose

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12
Q

function of disaccharides

A

sugar found in germinating seeds
mammal milk sugar
sugar stored in sugar cane

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13
Q

polysaccharide examples

A

cellulose
starch
glycogen

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14
Q

function of polysaccharides

A

-energy storage
-strengthen cell walls

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15
Q

lipids cannot be classed as polymers

A

lipid molecules, such as triglycerides, are not held together by covalent bonds

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16
Q

lipid molecules are not made from monomers or polymers

A

each fatty acid joins to a glycerol molecule, rather than to each other.

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17
Q

Condensation

A

dehydration synthesis
A condensation reaction occurs when monomers combine together by covalent bonds to form polymers (polymerisation) or macromolecules (lipids) and water is removed

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18
Q

Hydrolysis

A

In the hydrolysis of polymers, covalent bonds are broken when water is added

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19
Q

what bond does a carbohydrate have

A

glycosidic

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20
Q

what bond does proteins have

A

peptide bond

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21
Q

what bond lipids have

A

ester

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22
Q

nucleic acid bond

A

phosphodiester

23
Q

reducing sugar example

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

24
Q

why non reducing sugars can’t immediately be tested by Benedict’s

A

cannot donate electrons, therefore they cannot be oxidised
To be detected non-reducing sugars must first be hydrolysed to break the disaccharide into its two monosaccharides before a Benedict’s test can be carried out

25
Q

when does glucose form a ring structure

A

when in aqueous solution

26
Q

glucose molecule formula

A

C6H12O6

27
Q

why glucose is an isomer

A

two structurally different forms – alpha (α) glucose and beta (β) glucose
structural variety results in different functions between carbohydrates

28
Q

osmolarity

A

total number of solute particles per little

29
Q

glycosidic bond of maltose

A

alpha 14

30
Q

glycosidic bond of sucrose

A

alpha 12

31
Q

glycosidic bond of cellulose

A

beta 14

32
Q

glycosidic bond of amylose

A

alpha 14

33
Q

glycosidic bond of amlylo pectin

A

alpha 14 16

34
Q

how disaccharide and polysaccharideformrd

A

formed when two hydroxyl (-OH) groups interact to form a strong covalent bond called the glycosidic bond
Every glycosidic bond results in one water molecule being removed, thus glycosidic bonds are formed by condensation
Each glycosidic bond is catalysed by enzymes specific to which OH groups are interacting

35
Q

breaking glycosidic bonds

A

broken when water is added in a hydrolysis
Hydrolytic reactions are catalysed by enzymes,
these are different to those present in condensation reactions

36
Q

what happens when ccl is added to sucrose

A

heated with hydrochloric acid this provides the water that hydrolyses the glycosidic bond resulting in two monosaccharides that will produce a positive Benedict’s test

37
Q

disaccharide formula

A

C12H22O11

38
Q

how disaccharideare form

A

A condensation reaction is one in which two molecules join together via the formation of a glycosidic bond, with a molecule of water being released in the process

39
Q

To calculate the chemical formula of a disaccharide

A

add all the carbons, hydrogens and oxygens in both monomers then subtract 2x H and 1x O (for the water molecule lost)

40
Q

cellulose branches

A

-Branched or unbranched
-Folded (making the molecule compact which is ideal for storage, eg. starch and glycogen)
Straight (making the molecules suitable to construct cellular structures, eg. cellulose) or coiled
Polysaccharides are insoluble in water

41
Q

cellulose structure

A

long chains of β-glucose joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
many hydrogen bonds form between the long chains giving cellulose it’s strength

42
Q

Cellulose – function

A

-many hydrogen bonds
-high tensile strength
-strengthened cell walls
–Cellulose fibres are freely permeable

43
Q

many hydrogen bonds

A

found between the parallel chains of microfibrils

44
Q

-high tensile strength

A

stretched without breaking which makes it possible for cell walls to withstand turgor pressure

45
Q

-strengthened cell walls

A

support to the plant

46
Q

–Cellulose fibres are freely permeable

A

allows water and solutes to leave or reach the cell surface membrane

47
Q

starch and glycogen

A

Compact (so large quantities can be stored)
Insoluble (so will have no osmotic effect, unlike glucose which would lower the water potential of a cell causing water to move into cells, cells would then have to have thicker cell walls - plants or burst if they were animal cells)

48
Q

polysaccharide chains

A

Branched or unbranched
Folded (making the molecule compact which is ideal for storage eg. starch and glycogen)
Straight

49
Q

describe a chemical test to show that raffinose solution contains a non reducing sugar

A

1)add warm ccl and neutralise
2)then add Benedict’s and her
3)should turn red

50
Q

suggest a method other than using a colorimeter that the student could use to measure the quality of reducing sugar in a solution

A

1)filter and dry precipitate
2)dry and weigh

51
Q

how colorimeter improves repeatability of students results

A

-quantative
-standardised the method

52
Q

two differences between glycogen and cellulose

A

cellulose is made of beta
glycogen is branched

53
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

polymers of alpha glucose
joined together by glycosidic bonds

54
Q

how glycogen is a source of energy

A

-hydrolysed to glucose
-which is used in respiration

Biology (58 decks)

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