save my exams carbohydrates

Question 1

Monomers

Answer 1

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain

Question 3

biological molecules found in living organisms

Answer 3

protein
carbohydrate

Question 4

proteins found in living organisms

Answer 4

polypeptide
c h o n
amino acids

Question 5

carbohydrates found in living organisms

Answer 5

c h o
polysaccharide
single unit of sugar monosaccharide

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

C, H and O
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 7

definition of monosaccharides

Answer 7

single sugar monomer which are reducing sugars

Question 8

monosaccharides examples

Answer 8

ribose
glucose

Question 9

function of monosaccharides

Answer 9

-source of energy for respiration
-building blocks for polymers

Question 10

definition of disaccharides

Answer 10

a sugar formed from two monosaccharide joined by glycosidic bonds formed in a condenation reaction

Question 11

examples of disaccharides

Answer 11

maltose - glucose+glucose
sucrose -glucose +fructoe
lactose-glucose+galact3wwwwose

Question 12

function of disaccharides

Answer 12

sugar found in germinating seeds
mammal milk sugar
sugar stored in sugar cane

Question 13

polysaccharide examples

Answer 13

cellulose
starch
glycogen

Question 14

function of polysaccharides

Answer 14

-energy storage
-strengthen cell walls

Question 15

lipids cannot be classed as polymers

Answer 15

lipid molecules, such as triglycerides, are not held together by covalent bonds

Question 16

lipid molecules are not made from monomers or polymers

Answer 16

each fatty acid joins to a glycerol molecule, rather than to each other.

Question 17

Condensation

Answer 17

dehydration synthesis
A condensation reaction occurs when monomers combine together by covalent bonds to form polymers (polymerisation) or macromolecules (lipids) and water is removed

Question 18

Hydrolysis

Answer 18

In the hydrolysis of polymers, covalent bonds are broken when water is added

Question 19

what bond does a carbohydrate have

Answer 19

glycosidic

Question 20

what bond does proteins have

Answer 20

peptide bond

Question 21

what bond lipids have

Answer 21

ester

Question 22

nucleic acid bond

Answer 22

phosphodiester

Question 23

reducing sugar example

Answer 23

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 24

why non reducing sugars can’t immediately be tested by Benedict’s

Answer 24

cannot donate electrons, therefore they cannot be oxidised
To be detected non-reducing sugars must first be hydrolysed to break the disaccharide into its two monosaccharides before a Benedict’s test can be carried out

Question 25

when does glucose form a ring structure

Answer 25

when in aqueous solution

Question 26

glucose molecule formula

Answer 26

C6H12O6

Question 27

why glucose is an isomer

Answer 27

two structurally different forms – alpha (α) glucose and beta (β) glucose structural variety results in different functions between carbohydrates

Question 28

osmolarity

Answer 28

total number of solute particles per little

Question 29

glycosidic bond of maltose

Answer 29

alpha 14

Question 30

glycosidic bond of sucrose

Answer 30

alpha 12

Question 31

glycosidic bond of cellulose

Answer 31

beta 14

Question 32

glycosidic bond of amylose

Answer 32

alpha 14

Question 33

glycosidic bond of amlylo pectin

Answer 33

alpha 14 16

Question 34

how disaccharide and polysaccharideformrd

Answer 34

formed when two hydroxyl (-OH) groups interact to form a strong covalent bond called the glycosidic bond Every glycosidic bond results in one water molecule being removed, thus glycosidic bonds are formed by condensation Each glycosidic bond is catalysed by enzymes specific to which OH groups are interacting

Question 35

breaking glycosidic bonds

Answer 35

broken when water is added in a hydrolysis Hydrolytic reactions are catalysed by enzymes, these are different to those present in condensation reactions

Question 36

what happens when ccl is added to sucrose

Answer 36

heated with hydrochloric acid this provides the water that hydrolyses the glycosidic bond resulting in two monosaccharides that will produce a positive Benedict's test

Question 37

disaccharide formula

Answer 37

C12H22O11

Question 38

how disaccharideare form

Answer 38

A condensation reaction is one in which two molecules join together via the formation of a glycosidic bond, with a molecule of water being released in the process

Question 39

To calculate the chemical formula of a disaccharide

Answer 39

add all the carbons, hydrogens and oxygens in both monomers then subtract 2x H and 1x O (for the water molecule lost)

Question 40

cellulose branches

Answer 40

-Branched or unbranched -Folded (making the molecule compact which is ideal for storage, eg. starch and glycogen) Straight (making the molecules suitable to construct cellular structures, eg. cellulose) or coiled Polysaccharides are insoluble in water

Question 41

cellulose structure

Answer 41

long chains of β-glucose joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds many hydrogen bonds form between the long chains giving cellulose it’s strength

Question 42

Cellulose – function

Answer 42

-many hydrogen bonds -high tensile strength -strengthened cell walls --Cellulose fibres are freely permeable

Question 43

many hydrogen bonds

Answer 43

found between the parallel chains of microfibrils

Question 44

-high tensile strength

Answer 44

stretched without breaking which makes it possible for cell walls to withstand turgor pressure

Question 45

-strengthened cell walls

Answer 45

support to the plant

Question 46

--Cellulose fibres are freely permeable

Answer 46

allows water and solutes to leave or reach the cell surface membrane

Question 47

starch and glycogen

Answer 47

Compact (so large quantities can be stored) Insoluble (so will have no osmotic effect, unlike glucose which would lower the water potential of a cell causing water to move into cells, cells would then have to have thicker cell walls - plants or burst if they were animal cells)

Question 48

polysaccharide chains

Answer 48

Branched or unbranched Folded (making the molecule compact which is ideal for storage eg. starch and glycogen) Straight

Question 49

describe a chemical test to show that raffinose solution contains a non reducing sugar

Answer 49

1)add warm ccl and neutralise 2)then add Benedict's and her 3)should turn red

Question 50

suggest a method other than using a colorimeter that the student could use to measure the quality of reducing sugar in a solution

Answer 50

1)filter and dry precipitate 2)dry and weigh

Question 51

how colorimeter improves repeatability of students results

Answer 51

-quantative -standardised the method

Question 52

two differences between glycogen and cellulose

Answer 52

cellulose is made of beta glycogen is branched

Question 53

describe the structure of glycogen

Answer 53

polymers of alpha glucose joined together by glycosidic bonds

Question 54

how glycogen is a source of energy

Answer 54

-hydrolysed to glucose -which is used in respiration