save my exams app,water, inorganic ions Flashcards
anabolic reactions
building larger molecules from smaller molecules
To move substances across the cell membrane (active transport) or to move substances within the cell
animals, energy is required for
For muscle contraction – to coordinate movement at the whole-organism level
In the conduction of nerve impulses, as well as many other cellular processes
Adenosine Triphosphate
atp
nucleotide
what is atp
energy-carrying molecule that provides the energy to drive many processes inside living cells
type of nucleic acid
imilar to the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA
It is a phosphorylated nucleotide
Adenosine (a nucleoside) can be combined with
one phosphate group
two phosphate groups
three phosphate groups
One phosphate group
monophosphate
amp
two phosphate group
diphosphate
adp
three phosphate group
triphosphate
atp
what base is adenine
nitrogenous
hat base is adsoine
nucleoside
hydrogen bonds in water cause
An excellent solvent
high specific heat capacity
high latent heat of vaporisation
Water is less dense when a soli
high surface tension and cohesion
Water has many essential roles in living organisms due to its properties:
The polarity of water molecules
The presence and number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules
Solvent
polar molecule
covalently bonded polar substances (e.g. glucose) will dissolve in it
allows chemical reactions to occur within cells
Metabolites can be transported efficiently
High specific heat capacity
a relatively large amount of energy is required to raise its temperature
due to the many hydrogen bonds
lot of thermal energy to break these bonds and a lot of energy to build them
advantage of high spec heat cap
Provides suitable habitats
This is vital in maintaining temperatures that are optimal for enzyme activity
Latent heat of vaporisation
(from liquid to gas) a large amount of thermal energy must be absorbed by water to break the hydrogen bonds and evaporate
advantage of specific latent heat if vaporisation
as only a little water is required to evaporate for the organism to lose a great amount of heat
This provides a cooling effect
inorganic ions
Hydrogen ions (H+)
Iron ions (Fe2+/Fe3+)
Sodium ions (Na+)
Phosphate ions (PO43-)
Calcium ions (Ca2+)
hydrogen ions
concentration of H+ in a solution determines the pH
more H+ ions present, the lower the pH
very important for enzyme-controlled reactions
maintenance of this normal pH is essential for many of the metabolic processes that take place within cell
can affect enzyme structure
abnormal levels of hydrogen ions can interact with the side-chains of amino acids and change the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins that make up enzymes
This can cause denaturation of enzymes
iron ions
Haemoglobin is the large protein in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen around the body
Fe2+ is a key component in haemoglobin as it binds to oxygen
sodium
required for the transport of glucose and amino acids across cell-surface membranes
Glucose and amino acid molecules can only enter cells alongside sodium
co-transport
Na+ is also required for the transmission of nerve impulses
phosphate
essential component of DNA, RNA and ATP
allow individual nucleotides to join up (to form polynucleotides)
bonds between phosphate groups store energy
When the bonds between phosphate groups are broken, they release a large amount of energy, which can be used for cellular processes
what is an inorganic ion
an ion that doesn’t contain carbon
