Atp Water Inorganic Ions Flashcards
Atp definition
energy-carrying molecule that provides the energy to drive many processes inside living cells
Structure of atp is similar to
another type of nucleic acid and hence it is structurally very similar to the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA
What is phosphorylation
The addition of phosphate to an organic compound
One phosphate group
Adenosine mono phase
Two phosphate grips
Adenosine diphosphate
Three phosphate group
Adenosine triphosphate
Why atp is beneficial
1) hydrolysis of ATP can be carried out quickly and easily wherever energy is required within the cell by the action of just one enzyme, ATPase
2)useful quantity of energy is released from the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule - this is beneficial as it reduces waste but also gives the cell control over what processes occur
Hydrolysis of atp to
Adp
What is the inorganic phosphate catalysed by for hydrolysis
Atp hydolysase
What the energy from hydrolysis be used by
The active transport of ions up a concentration gradient
Enzyme controlled reactions that require energy
Muscle contraction and muscle fibre movement
Removal of one phosphate group from atp
Releases 30.8kj energy forming adp
Removal of second phosphate group from adp
Releases 30.8kj forming amp
Third and fins phosphate group removed
Releases 14.2 forming adenosine
Phosphorylation of other compounds
Makes them more reactive
Releasing small amount of energ
Drive metabolic reaction so low energy wastage
Exists as a stable molecule
Doesn’t break down unless catalyse present so energy not wasted
Quick hydrolysis
Allows cells to respond to sudden increase in energy demand
Soluble
Can transport energy to differ t areas of the cell
How atp is formed
when ADP is combined with an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group by the enzyme ATP synthase
This is an energy-requiring reaction
Water is released as a waste product (therefore ATP synthesis is a condensation reaction)
Two ways on which atp can be made
Substrate
Chemiosmosis
Substrate forming atp
linked phosphorylation (occurs in the glycolysis stage of respiration)
Chemiosmosis
occurs in the electron transport chain stage of respiration)
Adenine
Hydrolysis
Atp is broken down in hydrolysis and used to provide energy for metabolic reactions and atp is not stored long term and used immediately
Watson and crick
1953
Discovered structure of dna was a double helix
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
X ray diffraction -distance between strands identical throughout molecules
2 pyramidines - too small
2 purines -too big
Too big or too smal so one of each
Phosphate pfaces outisde
It’s hydrophilic and bases are hydrophobic and they attract
Nucleotide
3 components linked together by condensation reactions
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Organic bass
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and thymine
Purines
Adenine and guanine
Polymeucleotides joining together
Condensation reaction and forms di nucleotide
Bind is a phosphodiester bond
Dna structure
2 strands of polunudoeotides by hyridehn binds
Number of rings as a base has as we,l as it’s bonding determine the complimentary base pairs
Quantities of bases are the same but the ratios each differ betweeen species
How many bonds between at cg
2
3
Rungs
Pair of bases
Uprights
Dosxyribose + phosphate
Run in opposite directions and are anti parallel
One complete turn 10 bases
Stability of dna
1)sugar-phopshate backbone with phosphodiester bonds protects the more reactive organic bases inside the double helix
2)hydrogen binds -link organic bases forming bridges between the sugar -phosphate uprights
3)3
What is naked dna
Dna not associated with protein eg.histone
Dna replications
Nuceleic acids can only be synthesised in the 5’ to 3’ direction because the enzyme dna polymerase assembles a dna molecule by attaching the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the carbon 3 of the nucleotide at the end of the chain
Dna helixasw
Unzips /unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen binds between bases of each strand
Free dna nucleotides a
Attach to the exposed bases by complimentary base pairing
Dna polymerase
Forms the sugar phosphate backbone
Catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate of one nuelcotide and the deoxyribose sugar of the next
This is a condensation reaction
Semi conservative replication
The two new dna molecules consist of one original strand and one new strand
