SAS1: Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
Are the basic units of tissue, which form an organs and system in the human body?
Cells
The two main types of body cell
Epithelial and Mesenchymal cells
A person to first published cellular theory of disease bringing in the concept that disease occur due to abnormalities at the levels of cell.
Virchow
Is defined as a variety forms of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal external environment
Cell injury
The stress is mild to moderate, the cell injured may recover
Reversible Cell Injury
The residual effects of reversible cell injury may persist in the cell as evidence of cell injury at subcellular level.
subcellular changes
Metabolites may accumulate within the cell.
Intracellular accumulations
The cells may be broadly injured by two major ways:
Genetic cause
Acquired cause
Deficiency of oxygen result in failure to carry out activities of cells.
Hypoxia and Ischaemia
The most common cause of cell injury.
Hypoxia
Reduced supply of blood to cells due to interruption ei. ischemia
Hypoxia
Physical agents in causation of disease is under ?
Mechanical Trauma
Trauma cause by heat or cold
Thermal Trauma: Physical Trauma
Trauma cause by ultraviolet and ionizing
Electricity; Radiation : Physical Trauma
An ever increasing list of chemical agents and drugs may cause ,what type of cell injury?
Chemicals and Drugs
Injuries by microbes including infection caused by bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, fungi, protozoa, metazoa and other parasites.
Microbial Agents
Immunity is a double edge sword it protects the host against various injurious agents but also turns lethal and cause cell injury
Immunologic Agents
A deficiency or an excess of nutrients may result in nutritional imbalances, may be due to overall deficiency in nutrients.
Nutritional Derangements
Senescence leads to impaired ability of the cells to undergo replication and repair leading to cell death.
Aging
Common acquires mental disease due to stress, strain, anxiety, overwork and frustration depression and schizophrenia.
Psychogenic Disease
Anything that causes harm to the patient
Iatrogenic cause
A cell injury that means “of unknown cause”
Idiopathic diseases
one of the great Greek physicians, along with Erasistratus, provided a beginning for anatomical pathology and autopsy
Herophilus
The replacement of one differentiated somatic cell type with another differentiated somatic cell type in the same tissue
Metaplasia
Conversion in cell type
Metaplasia
Occur in the epithelial and mesenchymal cells
Metaplasia
It occur due to external stimulus
Metaplasia
Reversible on withdrawal
Metaplasia
Disorder cellular development
Dysplasia
Changes in the phenotype cells
Dysplasia
Occur due to the alteration of the genetic material
Dysplasia
It may regress on removing the stimulus or may progress to high grade dysplasia
Dysplasia
Various mechanisms which involved in adaptive cellular responses include the following:
- Altered cells surface receptor binding
- Alterations in signal for protein synthesis
- Synthesis of new proteins by the target cells such as heat shock proteins.
Results in a build up of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death.
Untreated necrosis
The death of body tissue.
Necrosis
A procedure necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically
debridement
Types of Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Colliquative necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
- Fibrinoid necrosis
- Fat necrosis
Formation of a gelatinous substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained and can be observed by light microscopy. Occurs as the result of protein denaturation causing albumin to transform into firm and opaque state.
Coagulative necrosis
Cell undergo lysis rapidly in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass.
Colliquative
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis which interacts with macrophages. The necrotic tissue appears white and friable, like clumped cheese.
Caseous Necrosis
Necrosis to the appendage. Usually the limbs
Gangrenous Necrosis
Is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune mediated vascular damage smooth muscle necrosis, fibrin release ( malignant Hypertension)
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Is a specialized necrosis of fat tissues resulting from the action of activated lipase on fatty tissue such as the pancreas
Fat Necrosis
Nuclear changes related to necrosis
- Margination of chromatin
- Pyknosis
- Karyolysis
- Karyorrhexis
Chromatin condensing around the periphery of the nucleus
Margination of chromatin
Small and dense nuclei
Pyknosis
Complete lysis of the nuclei
Karyolysis
Nuclei fragmentation ( generally seen in apoptosis)
Karyorrhexis
