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Histopathology > SAS 3: Examination of Fresh tissue and Fixation > Flashcards

SAS 3: Examination of Fresh tissue and Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

It is the microscopic study of the normal tissue of the body

A

Histology

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2
Q

It is the microscopic study of tissue affected by disease

A

Histopathology

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3
Q

The simples, least invasive test and uses the smallest needle to simply remove cells from the area of abnormality

A

Fine needle aspiration

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4
Q

This is not always adequate to obtain a diagnosis, depending on the area being biopsied

A

Fine needle aspiration

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5
Q

remove not only cells, but also a small portion of the surrounding tissue

A

Core needle biopsy

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6
Q

This provide additional information to assist in the examination of the lesion

A

Core needle biopsy

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7
Q

takes out even more surrounding tissues. it takes some out of the abnormality, but not all

A

Incisional biopsy

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8
Q

The doctor will slice into the lesion and remove only a portion of it. if the lesion is found cancerous, further surgery may be needed to remove the lesion

A

Incisional biopsy

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9
Q

generally removes the entire area in question

A

Excisional biopsy

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10
Q

Considered the primary technique for obtaining diagnostic full-thickness skin specimen

A

Punch biopsy

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11
Q

it requires basic general surgical and suture tying skills and is easy to learn

A

punch biospy

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12
Q

the technique involves the use of a circular blade that is roated down through the epidermis and dermis, and into the subcutaneous fat, yielding a 3-4 mm cylindrical core of the tissue sample

A

Punch biopsy

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13
Q

where small fragments of tissue are shaved from a surface (usually a skin)

A

Shave biopsy

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14
Q

where tissue is scooped and spooned to remove tissue or growth from body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal

A

Curettings

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15
Q

Fresh tissues have the advantage of being examined in the living state, thereby allowing protoplasmic activities such as

A

Motion
Mitosis
Phagocytosis

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16
Q

is a process whereby a selected tissue specimen is immersed in isotonic salt solution such as normal saline solution or Ringer’s solution in a petri dish or watch glass, carefully dissected with a needle and separated by direct or zigzag spread using an applicator stick

A

Teasing or dissociation

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17
Q

is a process whereby small pieces if tissue (not more than 1 mm in diameter) are placed in a microscopic slide and forcibly compressed with another slide or with a cover glass

A

Squash preparation (crushing)

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18
Q

this method differs depending on the nature of the material to be examined

A

Smear preparation

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19
Q

may be examined as either as fresh prep similar to that described for teased preparation, or by using a supravital staining technique

A

Smear

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20
Q

with an applicator stick or platinum loop, the material is rapidly and gently applied in a direct or zigzag line throughout the slide, attempting to obtain a relatively uniform distribution of secretion.

A

Streaking

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21
Q

A selected portion of the material is transferred into a clean slide and gently spread into moderately thick film by teasing the mucous strands with applicator stick

A

Spreading

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22
Q

This is done by placing a drop of secretion or sediment upon one slide and facing it unto another clean slide.

A

Pull-apart

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23
Q

this is a special method of smear preparation whereby the surface of a freshly cut piece of tissue is brought into contact and pressed on the surface of a clean glass slide, allowing the cells to be transferred directly to the slide for examination phase-contrast microscopy or staining for light microscopic study

A

Touch preparation (Impression smear)

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24
Q

Immediate diagnosis is accomplished

A

Frozen section

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25
Q

it is necessary to get a rapid diagnosis of pathologic process

A

Frozen section

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26
Q

A fresh tissue is frozen on a microtome with CO2, or on a cryostat, The cold chamber is kept at an atmospheric temperature of

A

-10C to -20C

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27
Q

frozen section, both fixed and unfixed, have many applications in histotechnology, and are commly used for:

A
  • undehydrated tissues for rapid diagnosis
  • histological demonstration of fats
  • For certain neurological structures
  • for sensitive tissue constituent damage by heat
  • diagnostic and research enzyme histochemistry
  • immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining
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28
Q

commonly used method of freezing include:

A
  • liquid nitrogen
  • Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
  • Carbon dioxide gas
  • Aerosol sprays
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29
Q

generally used in histochemistry and during intra-operative procedures, and is the most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents

A

Liquid nitrogen

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30
Q

its main disadvantage is that soft tissue is liable to crack due to rapid expansion of ice within the tissue, producing ice crystals or freeze artifacts

A

Liquid nitrogen

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31
Q

Is a refrigerated apparatus used for fresh tissue microtomy

A

Cryostat or Cold microtome

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32
Q

It has a rotary microtome kept inside a cold chamber

A

Cryostat or Cold microtome

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33
Q

the cold chamber of Cold microtome must maintain the temperature of

A

between -10 to -30 (average -20C)

34
Q

Also used for intraoperative diagnosis

A

Cryostat or Cold microtome

35
Q

It is the first and most critical step in the histopathology

A

Fixation

36
Q

What is the primary aim of Fixation

A

To preserve the morphology and chemical integrity of the cell

37
Q

Fixation must preserve:

A
  • shape
  • structure
  • Intercellular relationship
  • Chemical constituent
38
Q

Fixation must prevent:

A
  • Degeneration
  • Decomposition
  • Putrefaction
  • Distortion of tissues
39
Q

What are the Objectives of fixation

A
  • To preserve the tissue
  • To prevent breakdown of cellular elements
  • To coagulate or precipitate protoplasmic substances
40
Q

two mechanisms in fixation:

A
  • Additive fixation
  • Non-additive fixation
41
Q

Chemical constituent are taken in and becomes part of the tissue

A

Additive fixation

42
Q

Fixing agent is not incorporated into the tissue

A

Non-Additive fixation

43
Q

The Main factors involved in fixation

A
  • Hydrogen ion concentration
  • Temperature
  • Thickness of section
  • Osmolality
  • Concentration
  • Duration of fixation
44
Q

Fixation is best carried at what pH

A

pH: 6-8

45
Q

Surgical specimens must be at what temperature

A

Room temperature (20-25C)

46
Q

Tissue processor must be maintain at what temperature

A

40C

47
Q

Electron microscopy is at what temperature

A

0-4C

48
Q

Formalin at 60C is used for _____

A

urgent biopsy specimens

49
Q

Formalin at 100C is used to ____

A

fix tissues with tuberculosis

50
Q

Thickness of section in Electron microscopy

A

1-2mm^2

51
Q

Thickness of section in light microscopy

A

2cm^2

52
Q

Thickness of section in light microscopy (thin section)

A

0.4 cm

53
Q

brain tissue is fixed using ____ for ____ weeks for easier cutting of section

A
  • 10% formalin
  • 2-3 weeks
54
Q

Most common fixing agent used

A

10% formaldehyde

55
Q

fixing agent Used in electron microscopy

A

3% glutaraldehyde

56
Q

fixing agent used in immunielectron microscopy

A

0.26% glutaraldehyde

57
Q

recommended time for primary fixation in buffered formalin from the time the specimen is obtained

A

2-6 hours

58
Q

Recommended time of Electron microscopy for duration of fixation

A

3 hours

59
Q

Traditional volume of the tissue

A

10-25x the volume of the tissue

60
Q

The volume of maximum effectiveness

A

20x the tissue volume

61
Q

Fixation can be improved by the ff:

A
  • Heat
  • Vacuum
  • Agitation
  • Microwave
62
Q

Characteristics of a good fixative

A
  • must be cheap
  • must be stable
  • must be safe to handle
  • must kill the cell quickly
  • must inhibit bacterial decomposition and autolysis
  • must produce minimum shrinkage of tissue
  • must permit rapid and even penetration of tissue
  • must harden tissues
  • must isotonic
  • must make cellular components insoluble to hypotonic solutions
  • permit application of many staining procedure
63
Q

In teasing or dissociation, the specimen is either stained with _____ or examined unstained by _______

A

supravital
phase-contrast microscopy

64
Q

In squash preparation (crushing), a supravital stain if necessary, may be placed at the junction of the slide and the cover glass, and allowed to be absorbed by the tissue through _____

A

capillary attraction

65
Q

A fresh tissue is frozen on a ______ with ____

A

microtome with CO2

66
Q

_______ is liquid at room temperature

A

Isopentane

67
Q

The use of this has become increasingly popular in recent years, and is adequate for freezing small pieces of tissue except muscle.

A

Aerosol sprays

68
Q

Quick-freezing spray cans of _____ have a distinct advantage of rapidly freezing blocks of any type of tissue

A

Fluorinated hydrocarbons (Cryokwik)

69
Q

Majority of the sections in cryostat can be cut in _____, where the temperature for sectioning can be accurately established and controlled.

A

Isothermic situations

70
Q

Leaving the tissue specimen in ____ will cause to dry out and result to distortion

A

Air

71
Q

Leaving the tissue in water (hypotonic solution) will cause the cell to _____

A

swell

72
Q

Strong salt (_____) will cause the cell to ____.

A

Hypertonic solution
shrink

73
Q

High temperature –> _____ distortion

A

Higher

74
Q

Hypertonic solution may lead to _____

A

shrinkage

75
Q

_______ may lead to swelling and subsequent poor fixation

A

Hypotonic and Isotonic solution

76
Q

Osmolality normal value:

A

400-450 mOsm

77
Q

Osmolality of Isotonic solutions

A

340 mOsm

78
Q

Recommended/Best Osmolality of the Specimens

A

Slightly Hypertonic solutions

79
Q

Most common fixative:

A

10% neutral buffer formalin

80
Q

Average penetration:

A

1 mm/hour

Histopathology (22 decks)

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