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Histopathology > SAS 5: Infiltration, Embedding, and Microtomy > Flashcards

SAS 5: Infiltration, Embedding, and Microtomy Flashcards

1
Q

It is the process of completely removing the clearing agent and it will be replaced by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities

A

Impregnation (Infiltration)

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2
Q

This allows easier cutting and handling of tissue sections

A

Impregnation (Infiltration)

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3
Q

Types of impregnating and embedding media:

A
  1. Paraffin wax
  2. Celloidin
  3. Gelatin
  4. Plastic
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4
Q

It is the simplest, most common and best embedding medium used for routine tissue processing.

A

Paraffin wax

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5
Q

It is a polycrystalline mixture of solid hydrocarbons produced during the refining of coal and mineral oils. It is solid at room temperature but melts at temperature up to about 65 or 70C

A

Paraffin wax

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6
Q

Advantages of Paraffin Wax:

A
  1. Serial sections are cut with ease and majority without undue distortion
  2. Very rapid, allows sections to be prepare within 24 hours
  3. Tissue blocks and unstained can be stored in paraffin for an indefinite period of time.
  4. Many staining procedures are permitted
  5. Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) may be recovered from them decades after fixation
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7
Q

Disadvantages of Paraffin Wax:

A
  1. Overheated paraffin makes tissue brittle
  2. Prolonged impregnation will cause tissue shrinkage
  3. Inadequate impregnation promotes clearing agent retention
  4. Tissues difficult to infiltrate need long immersion for proper support
  5. Not recommended for fatty tissues
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8
Q

Paraffin wax melts in ____ or an ____

A

oven or an incubator

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9
Q

Melting the paraffin wax in oven or incubator should be regulated at _____

A

55-60C

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10
Q

The most common waxes melting point

A

56C

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11
Q

3 ways of impregnation and embedding of tissues

A
  1. Manual processing
  2. Automatic processing
  3. Vacuum embedding
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12
Q

For manual processing of impregnation, 4 changes of wax for _____ each interval

A

15 minutes

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13
Q

This methos makes use of an automatic processing machine (autotechnicon)

A

Automatic processing

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14
Q

Fixes, dehydrates, clears and infiltrates tissue automatically, thereby decreasing the time and labor needed during the processing of tissues

A

Automatic processing

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15
Q

It change 2 to 3 wax that is required in removing the clearing agent

A

Automatic processing

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16
Q

How many processing steps does the Autotechnicon have?

A

12

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17
Q

How many 1-liter glass beakers does the Autotechnicon have?

A

10

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18
Q

How many thermostatically wax baths does the Autotechnicon have?

A

2

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19
Q

It involves wax impregnation under negative atmospheric inside an embedding oven. It reduces the time when tissues are subjected to high temperatures thus minimizing heat-induced tissue hardening

A

Vacuum processing

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20
Q

It facilitates complete removal of transition solvents, and prolongs the life of wax by reducing the solvent contamination,

A

Vacuum processing

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21
Q

It hastens the removal of air bubbles and clearing agent from the tissue block, thereby promoting a more rapid wax penetration of the tissue

A

Vacuum

22
Q

This technique is recommended for urgent biopsies, for delicate tissues such as lung, brain, connective tissue, bone, eye, and etc.

A

Vacuum processing

23
Q

With this technique, time is reduced by 25%-75% of the normal time required

A

Vacuum embedding/processing

24
Q

The vacuum pressure should not exceed ____

A

500 mm/hg

25
Q

Factors affecting paraffin wax impregnation:

A
  1. Nature and size of the tissues
  2. Type of clearing agents
  3. Paraffin wax must be pure
  4. Paraffin may be use twice only
  5. Fixed microtomes, a relatively hard wax with a higher melting point is recommended
  6. Heavier microtome knives require harder paraffin wax than lighter ones
26
Q

Paraffin must be pure and free from:

A

dust
water droplets
other foreign materials

27
Q

Substitutes for paraffin wax:

A
  1. Paraplast
  2. Ester wax
  3. Water soluble waxes
28
Q

It is highly purified and synthetic plastic polymers

A

Paraplast

29
Q

More elastic and resilient than paraffin

A

Paraplast

30
Q

It is a wax that is for large dense tissue blocks like bones and brain

A

Paraplast

31
Q

It prevents ice crystals formation

A

Paraplast

32
Q

It is soluble in common clearing agents, no deposits after staining, and has the same time schedule like paraffin

A

Paraplast

33
Q

It is a semisynthetic wax recommended for embedding eyes

A

Bioloid

34
Q

It is the product of paraffin, containing rubber with the same time schedule like paraffin

A

Tissue Mat

35
Q

This wax is harder than paraffin and is not soluble to water

A

Ester wax

36
Q

It can be used for impregnation without prior clearing of the tissue

A

Ester wax

37
Q

Heavy duty microtomes used in impregnating with ester wax:

A

a. Sliding microtome
b. Sledge microtome

38
Q

Most commonly used water soluble wax

A

Carbowax

39
Q

A water soluble wax that does not dehydration and clearing

A

Carbowa

40
Q

It does not remove neutral fats and lipids

A

Carbowax

41
Q

Suitable for enzyme histochemical studies

A

Carbowax

42
Q

Purified form of nitrocellulose

A

Celloidin impregnation

43
Q

Suitable for hollow cavities, hard and dense tissues such as bones and teeth

A

Celloidin impregnation

44
Q

Suitable for large sections of embryo

A

Celloidin impregnation

45
Q

2 Methods of Celloidin impregnation:

A
  1. Wet celloidin
  2. Dry celloidin
46
Q

A method of celloidin impregnation that is recommended for bones, teeth, large brain sections and whole organs

A

Wet celloidin

47
Q

A method of celloidin impregnation that is recommended for whole eyes section

A

Dry celloidin

48
Q

Dry celloidin uses Gilson’s mixture, what does it made up of?

A

made of equal parts of chloroform and cedarwood oil

49
Q

Another form of celloidin

A

Nitrocellulose method

50
Q

It has lower viscosity allowing penetration of the tissue rapidly and makes cutting of thinner sections possible

A

Nitrocellulose methos

51
Q

It is rarely used except when dehydration is to be avoided or the tissues are subjected histochemical and enzyme studies

A

Gelatin impregnation

52
Q

Prevents fragmentation of tissues when used in frozen section and as embedding medium

A

Gelatin impregnation

Histopathology (22 decks)

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