Module: Staining Part II Flashcards
Known as “Coal Tar Dyes”
Synthetic Dyes
They are derived from the hydro-carbon benzene (C6H6) and are collectively known as Aniline dyes
Synthetic dyes
They are derived from the hydro-carbon benzene (C6H6) and are collectively known as Aniline dyes
Synthetic dyes
Are substances with definite atomic grouping and capable of producing visible color
Chromophores
Simple benzene compounds which contain such substances of Chromophores
Chromogens
Before a chromogen can properly be called a dye, it must have a property of retaining its color in the tissue. This property is acquired by the addition of an
Auxochrome
Depending on where the coloring substance is found, dyes may be classified into three groups:
- Acid Dyes
- Basic Dyes
- Neutral Dyes
Where the active coloring substances is found in the acid component, and the inactive base, e.g. acid fuchsin, is usually the sodium salt of a sulfonate or rosaniline
Acid dyes
Examples of Acid Dyes
- Acid fuchsin
- Picric acid
Where the active coloring substances is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical
Basic dyes
Example of basic dyes
Methylene blue (both indicator and dye)
are formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially
Neutral dye
Example of Neutral dye
Romanosky dyes
Giemsa’s stain
Irishman’s stain
Recommended for progressive staining
Aluminum hematoxylin
Used for regressive staining
Ehrlich Hematoxylin
Hastens the ripening process of hematoxylin
Sodium iodate
Suitable for tissues that have been subjected to acid decalcification
Sodium iodate
Exfoliating Cytology and sex chromosomes
Harris Hematoxylin
Harris Hematoxylin is ripened by
Mercuric oxide/chloride
The addition of this will give a more precise nuclear staining in hematoxylin
4% glacial acetic acid
Another alum hematoxylin solution recommended for routine purposes, especially used in sequence with Celestine blue
Cole’s Hematoxylin
Cole’s Hematoxylin is artificially ripened with
Alcoholic Iodine solution
It can be used as regressive stain, but it is also useful as a progressive stain
Mayer’s Hematoxylin
During staining, alum hematoxylin stained sections are usually passed on to an alkaline solution in order to neutralize the acid and free the OH group, to form an insoluble bluealuminum hematin-tissue-lake
Blueing
Examples of Blueing agents:
- Tap water
- Lithium Carbonate
- Bicarbonate
- Potassium or Sodium Acetate
Used only for differential and regressive staining, using acid-alcohol as a differentiating agent
Iron Hematoxylin
Examples of Iron Hematoxylin
- Weigert’s Hematoxylin
- Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin
- Regaud’s Hematoxylin for Mitochondria
Uses Ferric chloride as Mordant
Weigert’s Hematoxylin
Uses Ferric Ammonium chloride as the Mordant
Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin
Modification of Iron Hematoxylin used to demonstrate Mitochondria
Regaud’s Hematoxylin
Also known as the original Mallory PTAH technique, combining hematoxylin with 1% aqueous phophotungstic acid, which acts as mordant
Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)
One of the most valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissue and cytoplasm
Eosin
It is a red general cytoplasmic stain that combines with hemoglobin to give an orange color
Eosin
Commonly used a counterstain in H&E
Eosin
The commonly used eosin, showing green yellow fluorescence especially in alcoholic medium
Eosin Y
Very faint bluish cast
Eosin B
Eosin that is rarely used
Eosin S
The most common staining technique in histopathology. This uses a combination of two dyes, used for demonstration of nucleus and cytoplasmic inclusions in clinical specimens
H&E
A mixture of picric acid and fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues
Acid Fuchsin-Picric Acid (Van Gieson’s stain)
A basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells giving fluorescence for DNA and a red fluorescence for RNA
Acridine Orange
Used to demonstrate deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activity
Acridine Red 3B
Is a complex, water-soluble phtalocyanin dye, similar to chlorophyll, which stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming slats linkages with the,
Alcian blue
Is a cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial sections
Aniline Blue
Is a plasma stain utilized also for deep staining of acid-fast organisms, for mitochondria, for differentiation of smooth muscles with the used of picric acid
Basic Fuchsin
It is main constituents of Feulgen’s (DNA) and Schiff’s reagent for the detection of aldehydes
Basic Fuchsin
Is used as a contrast stain for Gram’s technique, in acid fast and Papanicolau method, and for staining diptheria
Bismarck Brown
Usually combined with aluminum chloride to stain glycogen
Carmine
Is a mordanted dye acting as a basic dye and staining acidic substances
Mayer’s Carmalum Solution
Resistant to strong acid dyes, recommended for routine staining of fixed sections, giving a good nuclear definition when used in conjunction with alum hematoxylin
Celestine Blue
Is best known as an indicator, but may be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders embryos
Congo red
It is used as 4% aqueous solution in Kaijan’s method of staining elastic tissues, amyloid and myelin
Congo red
