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Histopathology > SAS 4: Decalcification > Flashcards

SAS 4: Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

is the removal of calcium ions from a bone or calcified tissue through a histological process that makes them flexible and easier to cut

A

Decalcification

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2
Q

The principle of decalcification is

A

Strong mineral acids - 10% hydrogen chloride
Weak organic acids - 5-10% formic acid

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3
Q

the recommended ratio of fluid to tissue volume for decalcification is

A

20:1

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4
Q

Temperature of impaired nuclear staining of Van Gienson’s stain for collagen fibers

A

37 degree celsius

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5
Q

Temperature of tissue will undergo complete digestion within 24-48 hours

A

55 degree celsius

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6
Q

Calcium may be removed by the ff:

A

Acids
Chelating agents
Ion exchange resins
electrical ionization

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7
Q

What are the acid decalcifying agents

A
  • Nitric acid
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Formic acid
  • Trichloroacetic acid
  • Sulfurous acid
  • Chromic acid
  • Citric acid
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8
Q

most common and fastest decalcifying agent used

A

Nitric acid

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9
Q

Disadvantage of Nitric acid

A

progressive tissue damage

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10
Q

acts as both tissue softener and decalcifying agent

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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11
Q

recommended for routine purposes

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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12
Q

decalcifying time for Phloroglucin-Nitric acid

A

12-24 hours

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13
Q

most rapid decalcifying agent

A

Phloroglucin-Nitric acid

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14
Q

it is rapid in action, produces minimum distortion of tissues and produces good nuclear staining

A

Aqueous nitric add solution 10%

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15
Q

it is composed of concentrated nitric acid, formaldehyde, and distilled water

A

Formol-Nitrci acid

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16
Q

Decalcifying time of Formic-Nitric acid

A

1-3 days

17
Q

it is recommended for routine decalcification of postmortem research tissues

A

Formic Acid

18
Q

Decalcifying time of Formic acid

A

2-7 days

19
Q

Both fixative and decalcifying agent

A

Formic acid

20
Q

it is inferior compared to nitric acidin its role as a decalcifying agent because of its slower action and greater distortion of tissues produced

A

Hydrochloric acid

21
Q

Weak decalcifying agent, not used for dense bone tissues

A

Trichloroacetic acid

22
Q

Decalcifying time of Trichloroacetic acid

A

4-8 days

23
Q

Very weak decalcifying agent, suitable for minute pieces of bone

A

Sulfurous acid

24
Q

Both fixative and decalcifying agent and may be used for decalcifying minute bone spicules

A

Chromic acid (Flemming’s fluid)

25
Q

It permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and doesn’t produce well distortion

A

Citric acid

26
Q

Decalcifying time of Citric acid

A

6 days

27
Q

substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal or calcium salt

A

Chelating agents

28
Q

hastens decalcification by removing calcium ions from formic-acid containing decalcifying solutions

A

Ion exchange resin

29
Q

It is a process whereby positively charged calcium ions attracted to the negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

A

electrophoresis

30
Q

This method is satisfactory for small bone fragments, processing only a limited number of specimens at a time

A

Electrophoresis

31
Q

It has been used quite often for tissue processing, but there are very few studies describing its use in decalcification of bone or teeth

A

Microwave oven decalcification

32
Q

Factors influencing decalcification

A
  • concentration
  • fluid access
  • size and consistency
  • agitation
  • temperature
33
Q

The 3 ways to measure extent of decalcification

A
  • Physical/Mechanical test
  • X-ray or Radiological method
  • Chemical method
34
Q

it requires manipulation, bending, probing and trimming of the specimen to feel for remaining calcified areas

A

Physical/Mechanical test

35
Q

very expensive, “Most ideal, Most sensitive, most reliable” and it’s not recommended for mercuric chloride fixed tissue

A

X-ray or Radiological method

36
Q

The decalcifying agent is usually changed every 24-48 hours and the chemical test is done on the discarded fluid

A

Chemical method

37
Q

it is simple, reliable, and recommended for routine purposes

A

Chemical method

38
Q

What are the tissue softeners:

A
  • 4% aq. phenol
  • molliflex
  • 2% HCl
  • 1% HCl in 70% alcohol
  • Perenyi’s fluid - decalcifying agent and tissue softener at the sane time

Histopathology (22 decks)

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