Sample Questions For Final Flashcards
What are the physical activities associated with inspiration
Contraction of diaphragm
Rotation of asternal ribs and contraction of chest muscles
Relaxation of smooth muscle by the bronchioles and alveoli sacs
What are some conditions that require active expiration?
Pooping
Coughing
Sneezing
Where does most of the diffusion of gas between air and blood occur?
Alveoli cells and pulmonary walls
What functions are served by the turbinates and its associated membrane?
Circulates air, removes dust, warms air
Which gas diffuses most rapidly through cell membranes?
Carbon dioxide because higher solubility coefficient
Why is venous blood more acidic than arterial blood?
Carbon dioxide makes it more acidic
Where are the respiratory centers for the regulation of ventilation located?
Medulla Oblongata
Inspiratory: regular beats
Pneumatic: puts it rhythm
Expiratory: forced expiration
Identify the glandular secretions of the true or gastric stomach and state their functions
Hcl- lowers ph
Pepsinogen- converts to pepsin
Lipase- fats to fatty acids
Name the four laryngeal cartilage
Epilogittic( prevents foreign material)
Thyroid ( helps swallowing)
Arytenoid (houses vocal cords)
Cricoid ( maintain open shape of larynx)
Give three functions of the tongue
Nursing
Chewing
Swallowing
What is the pernicious anemia and its function?
Low count of red blood cells because the body can’t absorb b12
What is saliva composed of?
Water
Mucous
Fluids
Serous
What stimulates saliva production?
Physic: presence of food
Gastric: presence of food in stomach
Intestinal: presence of food as it passes through intestines
What is peristalsis and where does it start in the body?
Cranial to caudal
Esophagus
Four types of teeth
Incisors (defense or grasping)
Canine (fighting)
Premolars (grinding)
Molars ( grinding)
What encourages oxygen loss from the blood to the tissue?
increase in temperature
decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in the surrounding tissues
increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blook
List the functions of the respiratory system
gaseous exchange voice regulate body temperature regulate water balance regulate pH
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?
liver
pancreas
gall bladder
salivary glands
What is the forestomach in a ruminant?
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
What is the rumen’s function?
fermentation vat
organ of absorption
organ of maceration
bacterial digestion
What is the reticulum function?
grinding heavy materials and collects it
What is the omasum function?
further digests heavy matter
What is the abomasum function?
True stomach
Why are cattle prone to tongue injuries?
because they eat everything
sheep have a hard palate and prehensile lips
What animals vomit easily?
cats dogs humans
Is there a vomition center?
sphyncter
What interferes with the vomiting of a horse
one way passageway of the esophagus
Why isnt vomiting an option for cattle?
Because they regurgitate
Why is the reabsorbtion of water from the intestine so important?
prevents dehydration
What is bile?
bile acids
bile salts
bile pigments
Where is bile produced?
liver
Function of the galbladder?
excretes bile to break down fats
function of liver?
detoxification
processing of nutrients
storage of nutrients
pancreas function
produces enzymes
cecum function
post-gastric fermentation
small intestine function?
absortion and metabolism
colon function?
water absorption
What are the end products of mictrobial digestion?
VFAs Lactic acid carbon dioxide and methane associated amino acids vitamin B12
What is the function of the esophageal groove?
passageway that bypasses rectum and reticulum for milking
What are the two principal gases produced during ruminant fermentation?
carbon dioxide and methane
How is regurgitation?
contract rumen and reticulum
opening of cardia
inspiration with ghlottis closed
reserve regurgitation
What are the functions of the large intestine?
absorb water
How do they differ for the horse versus the cow?
large cecum
hindgut fermentation
How does acetycholine affect gastrointestinal activity and motility?
increase in digestion
Name of the VFAs and tell what their particular use is in the ruminant
acetic acid….glycogen
buteric…glycogen
propinoic acid….glucose
List the openings to the pharynx and know the functions of the pharynx
Mouth, nasal cavity, and Eustachian tubes
Helps with swallowing
