Bones, Joints, And Cartilage Of The Skeleton Flashcards
Hiatus
An opening or foramen
Hilus
The point of the organ where nerves and blood vessels enter and exit
Foramen
An opening or hole in a bone or membrane through which pass nerves or blood vessels
The Skeletal System-Functions
Storage-minerals or calcium
Connects things together
Manufactures of certain materials
Body frame
The Skeletal System-Components
Bone-osteology
Cartilage-chondrology
Joints-arthroscopy
Teeth-odontology
Divisions-Appendicular
bones, joints, cartilage associated with limbs
Divisions-Axial
Bones,jones, cartilage, teeth associated with long axis of the animal
Example, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull
Divisions-Visceral
Bones embedded in soft tissue
Example, os cordis, os rostri, os penis (all found in median plane)
Support for soft tissue
Haversian Canal
Canal in middle of bone
Lamellae
Thin plate in bone
Osteocyte
Mature blood cells
Canaliculi
Canal in bone
Inorganic Matter
Tricalcium Phosphate- main component of bone
Osteon
Only found in cortex of bone
How are bones classified?
Appearance and function
Long Bone
Femur and radius
Extended in one direction
Provides support
Short Bones
Do not have meridal cavity
Provides cushioning between long bones to absorb shock
In wrist and ankle
Flat Bone
Expanded in two directions
Provides protection
Pelvis,scapula,ribs,skull
Sesamoid Bone
Shaped like a sesameed seed
Pneumatic Bone
Has air filled cavity
Associated with sinuses
Irregular Bone
Vertebrae
Found in sites for protection
Cartilage Make Up
Not as dense as bone
Made up of chondrocytes
Not good blood flow
Cartilage function
Gives support
Provides coverings on enols of bones
Hyaline
Small nests of chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix of collagen fibers
Glossy, bluish in gross appearance
Example, rib to sternum
Fibrocartilage
Less dense compared to hyaline
Whitish in gross appearance
Herring bone pattern
Isolated chondrocytes in matrix of fine collagen fibers
Example, meniscus or discs between vertebrae
Elastic
Matrix contains elastic fibers forming interlacing network
Yellowish in gross appearance
Highly flexible
Found in inner ear
Bone Formation-Cartilagenous
Starts with cartilage then cartilage is replaced with bone overtime
Cartilaginous bars:areas that eventually become bone
Chondroclast:forms gaps in cartilaginous bars filled by osteoblasts which form osteocytes
(Primary bone is osteoclasts)
Bone Formation-Membranous
Present in cranium and skull
Soft tissue
Joint
Two bones come together
How is a joint classified?
Characterized by the degree of movement
Joint-Synarthroses
Little or no movement
Bones that make up pelvis and skull
Joints-Amphiarthroses
Partial Movement
between most vertebrae
Joints-Diarthoses
Complete movement-elbow, knee, carpel joint
- Articular Surfaces
- Articular cartilage
- Joint capsule (ligament)
- Joint cavity (synovial fluid)
Degrees of Movement
Immovable-joints of the skull Hinge-elbow and knee Pivot-joint below the skull Ball and socket-shoulder and hip Gliding-wrist and vertebrae
Epi
Prefix meaning upon or subsequent to
Exo
A prefix meaning outer or outward
Endo
A prefix meaning inside or within
Divisions of the Skeletal System
Axial
Appendicular
Visceral
Axial
Directly associated with long axis
Composed of bones, joints, cartilage, and teeth
Components:vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skills
Cervical vertebrae
7 in land animals
C1-occipital bone-permits head to move up and down (yes joint)
Thoracic Vertebrae
Dorsal or sinus processes
T1 and T2 have biggest height-measures in inches by top to ground
Hand =4 inches
Attachment site to ribs (thoracic vertebrae)
Lumbar Vertebrae
Dorsal boundary of ab category
Prominent transverse processes
Cord ends at last vertebrae
Back loin of animal
Sacral Vertebrae
Dorsal basing pelvic boundary
Fused to give more strength in that area
Caudal or Coccygeal
Dock tails
Components of Skeletal System-ribs and sternum
Articulate with T vertebrae and sternum by costal cartilage
Sternum-6 or 7 sternabrae
….irregular bones
…point on first sternabrae is manubrium
…last is called xiphoid process (began as cartilage)
Sternal Ribs (individual bones called sternabrae)
First 6/7 pairs of ribs
Asternal Ribs
Rest of the ribs held together by coastal cartilage
Have more movement because of thorastic breathing
Crepitation
The noise or vibration that occurs when the ends of broken bone run together
Trochanter
One or more bony projections of the proximal end of the femur
Condyle
A round prominence at the end of the bone
Appendicular skeleton
Bones, joints, cartilage found in a limb
Pectoral:bones and joints in the forelimb
Facts about Muscles
Supraspinatus-lies above spine
Infraspinsters-lies below spine
Muscle can increase by…
Hyperplasia-increased number of cells
Hypertrophy-increased size of cells
Atrophy-decrease in muscle mass
Disuse
Neurotrophic-damaged (sloppy shoulder or Sweeney)
Cursorial
Limited to only front and back movement
