Respiratory system

Question 1

Inspiration

Answer 1

Breathing in

Question 2

Expiration

Answer 2

Breathing out

Question 3

Physiology of Respiration

Answer 3

Gaseous exchange: pass through three cell layers called respiratory membrane

Question 4

4 events needed for respiration

Answer 4

Ventilation: air in air out
Profusion: saturation…more oxygen, more blood
Diffusion: movement of oxygen to blood stream
Circulation: conduct oxygen to cells lungs

Question 5

External respiration

Answer 5

Those processes by which air is breathed in, oxygen is extracted from the air by the blood and delivered to the tissues, and the carbon dioxide is delivered from the blood to the lungs and breathed out

Question 6

Internal respiration

Answer 6

The intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide water and energy

Question 7

Abdominal breathing

Answer 7

Breathing controlled by the diaphragmatic and abdominal muscles

Large animals…slower rate, deeper breaths

Question 8

Thoracic breathing

Answer 8

Breathing controlled by the intercoastal muscles

Smaller animals rely on thoracic breathing
Quick breaths..more frequent.

Question 9

Oxidation reaction

Answer 9

6o2 + c6H12o6 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + energy

Nervous system…highest respiratory rate
Bones…lowest respiratory rate

Question 10

Mechanics of respiration

Answer 10

1. Inspiration…change space, lower air moves in
   Contraction of diaphragmatic muscles
   Rotation of a asternal ribs and contraction of chest muscles
   Relaxation of smooth muscle around the terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs
2. Expiration…muscles relax. Decrease space, pressure increases, gas moved out
   Mostly passive
   Contraction of internal intercostals which depress upper ribs

Question 11

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 11

Always negative
Formed by vacuum between visceral and pariental layers of pleura
Values range from -5–12mm hg

Question 12

Intrapulmonic pressure

Answer 12

Air pressure within air passageways- lung

Intrapulmonic pressure= atmospheric pressure between breaths

Question 13

Rate and Depth of Breathing

Answer 13

Rate of respiration varies inversely with animal size
Depth of breathing varies directly with animal size
Slow deep breathing is more efficient

Question 14

Types of Breathing

Answer 14

Eupnea: normal, quiet meaning
Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing..pneumonia
Apnea: lack of breathing

Question 15

Air volumes and capacities: tidal volume

Answer 15

Volume of air inspired and expired during normal respiration

Question 16

Air volumes and capacities: inspiratory reserve

Answer 16

Volume of air that can be inspired beyond that of normal inspiration

Question 17

Air volumes and capacities: expiratory reserve

Answer 17

Volume of air that can be expired following a normal, quiet expiration

Question 18

Air volumes and capacities: residual

Answer 18

The amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiratory effort

Question 19

Air volumes and capacities: total lung capacity

Answer 19

Tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume

Question 20

Respiratory membrane

Answer 20

Three cell layers thick
Consists of…capillary endorthelium
Basement membrane
Alveolar wall

Question 21

Surfactant…decrease surface pressure

Answer 21

Chemical that reduces surface tension
Compliance: the ability of the lung to stretch
Elasticity: return to normal
Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

Question 22

Factors that encourage oxygen loss from the blood

Answer 22

Increase in temperature
Decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in surrounding tissue
Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood

Question 23

Cellular respiratory rate

Answer 23

Highest for nervous tissue and lowest for bone

Uses most oxygen and generates most heat

Question 24

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood

Answer 24

Oxygen is carried by binding to hemoglobin, leaves because of pressure

Iron can bind to carbon dioxide to oxygen molecules

Some carbon dioxide dissolved in blood

Question 25

Respiration

Answer 25

Breathing oxygen in and carbon dioxide out