Respiratory system Flashcards
Inspiration
Breathing in
Expiration
Breathing out
Physiology of Respiration
Gaseous exchange: pass through three cell layers called respiratory membrane
4 events needed for respiration
Ventilation: air in air out
Profusion: saturation…more oxygen, more blood
Diffusion: movement of oxygen to blood stream
Circulation: conduct oxygen to cells lungs
External respiration
Those processes by which air is breathed in, oxygen is extracted from the air by the blood and delivered to the tissues, and the carbon dioxide is delivered from the blood to the lungs and breathed out
Internal respiration
The intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide water and energy
Abdominal breathing
Breathing controlled by the diaphragmatic and abdominal muscles
Large animals…slower rate, deeper breaths
Thoracic breathing
Breathing controlled by the intercoastal muscles
Smaller animals rely on thoracic breathing
Quick breaths..more frequent.
Oxidation reaction
6o2 + c6H12o6 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + energy
Nervous system…highest respiratory rate
Bones…lowest respiratory rate
Mechanics of respiration
- Inspiration…change space, lower air moves in
Contraction of diaphragmatic muscles
Rotation of a asternal ribs and contraction of chest muscles
Relaxation of smooth muscle around the terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs - Expiration…muscles relax. Decrease space, pressure increases, gas moved out
Mostly passive
Contraction of internal intercostals which depress upper ribs
Intrapleural pressure
Always negative
Formed by vacuum between visceral and pariental layers of pleura
Values range from -5–12mm hg
Intrapulmonic pressure
Air pressure within air passageways- lung
Intrapulmonic pressure= atmospheric pressure between breaths
Rate and Depth of Breathing
Rate of respiration varies inversely with animal size
Depth of breathing varies directly with animal size
Slow deep breathing is more efficient
Types of Breathing
Eupnea: normal, quiet meaning
Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing..pneumonia
Apnea: lack of breathing
Air volumes and capacities: tidal volume
Volume of air inspired and expired during normal respiration
Air volumes and capacities: inspiratory reserve
Volume of air that can be inspired beyond that of normal inspiration
Air volumes and capacities: expiratory reserve
Volume of air that can be expired following a normal, quiet expiration
Air volumes and capacities: residual
The amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiratory effort
Air volumes and capacities: total lung capacity
Tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume
Respiratory membrane
Three cell layers thick
Consists of…capillary endorthelium
Basement membrane
Alveolar wall
Surfactant…decrease surface pressure
Chemical that reduces surface tension
Compliance: the ability of the lung to stretch
Elasticity: return to normal
Newborn respiratory distress syndrome
Factors that encourage oxygen loss from the blood
Increase in temperature
Decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in surrounding tissue
Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood
Cellular respiratory rate
Highest for nervous tissue and lowest for bone
Uses most oxygen and generates most heat
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood
Oxygen is carried by binding to hemoglobin, leaves because of pressure
Iron can bind to carbon dioxide to oxygen molecules
Some carbon dioxide dissolved in blood
Respiration
Breathing oxygen in and carbon dioxide out
