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Animal Science 220 > Anatomy And Physiology Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Of The Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

Afferent

A

Conducting towards the center

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1
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Efferent

A

Conducting away from the center

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2
Q

Synapse

A

The junction of a nerve cell with another nerve cell, sensory receptor cell, or effector cell

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3
Q

The Nervous System- General

A

The system that controls and coordinating the actions of the effective tissues

Reflexes: automatic unconscious response to an effective tissue due to stimulus

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4
Q

The Nervous System-Areas to be Covered

A

Animals mainly call on reflexes to respond to things the majority of the time

Primary job: protection

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5
Q

The Nervous System-Functions

A

Irritability: internal and eternal…anything that affects an animals homeostasis

Conductivity: the signal from one point to another

Control, Integrate, Coordinate

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6
Q

Anatomy of the Nervous System: Nerve Cell (neuron)

A

Basic unit of the nervous system

If body is dead, neuron is dead

No centrioles in nerve system

You can’t make new neurons

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7
Q

Anatomy Of The Nervous System: Basic Parts

A

Cyton (or soma): nerve cell body (NCB)

Axon: get info

Dendrites: get info

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8
Q

Anatomy of the Nervous System: Nerve Fiber Sheaths

A

Gaps between two neurons plus effector tissue synapse on the end of the muscle bundle…motor end plate

Transmits acetylcholine

Chemical transmission

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9
Q

Anatomy of the Nervous System: nomenclature

A 
Nuclei: groups of NCB found in CNS
Tracts: groups of processes found in CNS
Ganglia: groups of NCB found in PNS
Nerves: groups of processes found in PNS
             ALL SPINAL NERVES ARE MIXED NERVES
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10
Q

Plexus

A

A network of interconnecting nerves or blood vessels

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11
Q

Reflux

A

An involuntary response of a part to a stimulus

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12
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything external or internal, chemical or physical that can cause a response to an organ, system, or organism

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13
Q

The Nervous System: Nomenclature of major Divisions

A

Central Nervous System (CNS):nuclei and tracts located in brain or spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):ganglia and nerves not in brain or spinal cord

Somatic Portion:ganglia and nerves associated with skeletal muscle

Autonomic Portion: ganglia and nerves associated with cardiac, smooth, and glands

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14
Q

Brain-Cerebral Cortex

A

Higher brain functions (learning, reasoning, deduction, emotion)

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15
Q

Brain-Cerebellum

A

Maintains posture and controls locomotion

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16
Q

Brain-Thalamus

A

Receives and filters all incoming signals (except auditory) before going to cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Brain-Hypothalamus

A

Primary center for emotion and comfort (body temp, eating, sleeping, hormone release, drinking, sex)

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18
Q

Brain-Pituitary Gland

A

Releases tropic substances that controls growth and affects actions of glands like the thyroid, adrenal, gonads

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19
Q

Brain-Midbrain

A

Serves as switching and relay center between forebrain and hindbrain

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20
Q

Brain-Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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21
Q

Brain-Medulla

A

Center for vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate, swallowing)

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22
Q

Brain-Reticular Formation

A

Modifies outgoing signals for movement, posture, and muscle tone, and prioritizes incoming signals. Contains reflex areas for breathing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting

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23
Q

Brain-Spinal Cord

A

Extension of CNS that routes tracts to and from brain and PNS

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24
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Militated: motor
Unmilitated: sensory

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25
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Cranial Nerves

A

12pairs
Ventral surface of brain
Most connections with head and neck
Some are motor, sensory, both

26
Q

I Olfactory

A

Sensory

Smell

27
Q

II Optic

A

Sensory

Vision

28
Q

III Oculomoter

A

Motor

Eyelid and eyeball movement

29
Q

IV TRochlear

A

Motor

Innervates superior oblique
Turns eye downward and laterally

30
Q

V Trigeminal

A

Sensory and Motor

Chewing
Face and mouth touch and pain

31
Q

VI Abducens

A

Motor

Turns eyes laterally

32
Q

VII Facial

A

Sensory and Motor

Controls most facial expressions
Secretion of tears and saliva
Taste

33
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory

Hearing
Equilibrium Sensation

34
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

Sensory and Motor

Taste
Sense carotid blood pressure

35
Q

X Vagus

A

Sensory and Motor

Senses aortic blood pressure
Slows heart rate
Stimulates digestion organs
Taste

Longest cranium nerve

36
Q

XI Spinal Accessory

A

Motor

Controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Controls swallowing and movements

37
Q

XII Hypoglossal

A

Motor

Controls tongue movements

38
Q

Peripheral

A

Spinal and Caudal nerves

39
Q

Peripheral Nervous System: spinal nerves

A

Extends off Spinal Cord

Emerges behind each corresponding vertebrae

Amount of vertebrae (thoracic, lumbar, sacral)..number of nerves

Cervical…one additional region…1st pair emerges in front of atlas…dog has 8pairs of cervical spinus nerves

Caudal…less amount of pairs compared to vertebrae

Spinal terminates after lumbar region and beginning sacral

40
Q

Peripheral Nervous System-Autonomic Portion Of a The Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sympathetic System and Parasympathetic System work against each other

Balanced…homeostasis

Info emerges through cranial nerves 3.7.9.10

Assume all visceral portion are both sympathetic system and parasympathetic system

41
Q

Sympathetic System

A

Active state

Thoracic and lumbar connection has a ganglianated trunk

Close to spinal cord…
Short Preganglia Fibers
Long Postgangkia Fibers

42
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Relaxed and Digestive state

Two connections..brain and sacral

Close to organ that relates…
Long Preganglia Fibers
Short Postgangkia Fibers

43
Q

Principle Properties of Nerve Fibers

A

Gates regulate from dendrite to nerve cell to axon…sends waves along the fiber…moves sodium in and potassium out
Conductivity: electrical in nature
Chief function of Nerve Fiber: conducts impulses and responsive to environmental changes

Impulse:wave down nerve fiber

44
Q

The Nervous System: Resting Potential

A

Higher concentration of anions outside of cell
Interstitial fluid: outside….bathes the cells
Axolemma: barrier between inside of cell and interstitial fluid

Having sodium outside and potassium inside creates depolarization….until this occurs means refractory period

45
Q

The Nervous System: Stimulus Applied

A

Action potential…influx NA and outflux K

46
Q

The Nervous System: Impulse

A

“All or non effect” ….goes whole distance
Active state requires energy
Outer covering is neurolemma
Myelinated fibers produce more impulses faster than non myelinated due to insulation

47
Q

The Nervous System: Refractory Period

A

Can’t send another impulse until out of resting period

48
Q

The Nervous System: Conduction Speed

A

Small diameters produce more impulses than large diameters because they are slower

49
Q

The Nervous System: Synapse

A

Release of the Neurotransmitter

50
Q

Neurotransmitters: Norepenepherine

A

Released at motor end plate for sympathetic

Adrenergic…o-methyl-transferase (breaks down)

51
Q

Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic…acetylcholesterase

Most common neurotransmitter

All synapses of parasympathetic and somatic motor end plates

52
Q

Neuroinhibittors

A

Motor end plate of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic acetylcholine neuroinhibitors prevent release of NT

53
Q

Antagonists

A

Cause a blockage which prevents release

54
Q

Anesthetic

A

A pharmacological agent that causes loss of sensation and consciousness

55
Q

Analgesic

A

A substance that causes the loss of pain without the loss of consciousness

56
Q

Hormone

A

A substance formed on an organ or a part of an organ that is carried by the blood to other parts of the body where it can effect changes in function or the structure of other parts

57
Q

The Nervous System: Reflex Action

A

Definition: unconscious, automatic response of a effective tissue by a stimulus for protection

58
Q

Reflex Centers

A

Medulla Oblongata: in brain stem..controls heart rate, respiratory rate, blood vessel diameter, vessels for relaxing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing
Cerebellum: controls local motion and balance …equilibrium
Hypothalamus: controls hormones and body temperature
Cerebrum:controls visceral and auditory functions…dilation of eyes, auditory, startled reflex…act of protection

59
Q

Conditioned vs Unconditioned Reflexes

A

Conditioned: reflex you have learned

Unconditioned: born with…like sweating

60
Q

Somatic vs Visceral Reflexes

A

Somatic is skeletal muscle

Visceral is smooth, cardiac, glands muscle

61
Q

Anesthetics

A

Primary used to reduce the sensation of pain
Local: specific site-may or may not cause unconsciousness…PNS
Poem earl: everything- causes unconsciousness

62
Q

General Pathology of the Nervous System- Injury to a Cell Body

A

Whole neuron isn’t functional
Virus wipes out cell body

Distemper: attacks nerve cell body

63
Q

General Pathology of the Cell Body: Injury to the Cell Processes

A

Blocks motor neurons

Animal Science 220 (22 decks)

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