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Anatomy And Physiology Of The Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Afferent

A

Conducting towards the center

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1
Q

Efferent

A

Conducting away from the center

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2
Q

Synapse

A

The junction of a nerve cell with another nerve cell, sensory receptor cell, or effector cell

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3
Q

The Nervous System- General

A

The system that controls and coordinating the actions of the effective tissues

Reflexes: automatic unconscious response to an effective tissue due to stimulus

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4
Q

The Nervous System-Areas to be Covered

A

Animals mainly call on reflexes to respond to things the majority of the time

Primary job: protection

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5
Q

The Nervous System-Functions

A

Irritability: internal and eternal…anything that affects an animals homeostasis

Conductivity: the signal from one point to another

Control, Integrate, Coordinate

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6
Q

Anatomy of the Nervous System: Nerve Cell (neuron)

A

Basic unit of the nervous system

If body is dead, neuron is dead

No centrioles in nerve system

You can’t make new neurons

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7
Q

Anatomy Of The Nervous System: Basic Parts

A

Cyton (or soma): nerve cell body (NCB)

Axon: get info

Dendrites: get info

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8
Q

Anatomy of the Nervous System: Nerve Fiber Sheaths

A

Gaps between two neurons plus effector tissue synapse on the end of the muscle bundle…motor end plate

Transmits acetylcholine

Chemical transmission

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9
Q

Anatomy of the Nervous System: nomenclature

A 
Nuclei: groups of NCB found in CNS
Tracts: groups of processes found in CNS
Ganglia: groups of NCB found in PNS
Nerves: groups of processes found in PNS
             ALL SPINAL NERVES ARE MIXED NERVES
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10
Q

Plexus

A

A network of interconnecting nerves or blood vessels

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11
Q

Reflux

A

An involuntary response of a part to a stimulus

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12
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything external or internal, chemical or physical that can cause a response to an organ, system, or organism

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13
Q

The Nervous System: Nomenclature of major Divisions

A

Central Nervous System (CNS):nuclei and tracts located in brain or spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):ganglia and nerves not in brain or spinal cord

Somatic Portion:ganglia and nerves associated with skeletal muscle

Autonomic Portion: ganglia and nerves associated with cardiac, smooth, and glands

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14
Q

Brain-Cerebral Cortex

A

Higher brain functions (learning, reasoning, deduction, emotion)

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15
Q

Brain-Cerebellum

A

Maintains posture and controls locomotion

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16
Q

Brain-Thalamus

A

Receives and filters all incoming signals (except auditory) before going to cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Brain-Hypothalamus

A

Primary center for emotion and comfort (body temp, eating, sleeping, hormone release, drinking, sex)

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18
Q

Brain-Pituitary Gland

A

Releases tropic substances that controls growth and affects actions of glands like the thyroid, adrenal, gonads

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19
Q

Brain-Midbrain

A

Serves as switching and relay center between forebrain and hindbrain

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20
Q

Brain-Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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21
Q

Brain-Medulla

A

Center for vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate, swallowing)

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22
Q

Brain-Reticular Formation

A

Modifies outgoing signals for movement, posture, and muscle tone, and prioritizes incoming signals. Contains reflex areas for breathing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting

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23
Q

Brain-Spinal Cord

A

Extension of CNS that routes tracts to and from brain and PNS

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24
Spinal Cord
Militated: motor Unmilitated: sensory
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Cranial Nerves
12pairs Ventral surface of brain Most connections with head and neck Some are motor, sensory, both
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I Olfactory
Sensory Smell
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II Optic
Sensory Vision
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III Oculomoter
Motor Eyelid and eyeball movement
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IV TRochlear
Motor Innervates superior oblique Turns eye downward and laterally
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V Trigeminal
Sensory and Motor Chewing Face and mouth touch and pain
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VI Abducens
Motor Turns eyes laterally
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VII Facial
Sensory and Motor Controls most facial expressions Secretion of tears and saliva Taste
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VIII Vestibulocochlear
Sensory Hearing Equilibrium Sensation
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IX Glossopharyngeal
Sensory and Motor Taste Sense carotid blood pressure
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X Vagus
Sensory and Motor Senses aortic blood pressure Slows heart rate Stimulates digestion organs Taste Longest cranium nerve
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XI Spinal Accessory
Motor Controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid Controls swallowing and movements
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XII Hypoglossal
Motor Controls tongue movements
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Peripheral
Spinal and Caudal nerves
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Peripheral Nervous System: spinal nerves
Extends off Spinal Cord Emerges behind each corresponding vertebrae Amount of vertebrae (thoracic, lumbar, sacral)..number of nerves Cervical...one additional region...1st pair emerges in front of atlas...dog has 8pairs of cervical spinus nerves Caudal...less amount of pairs compared to vertebrae Spinal terminates after lumbar region and beginning sacral
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Peripheral Nervous System-Autonomic Portion Of a The Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic System and Parasympathetic System work against each other Balanced...homeostasis Info emerges through cranial nerves 3.7.9.10 Assume all visceral portion are both sympathetic system and parasympathetic system
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Sympathetic System
Active state Thoracic and lumbar connection has a ganglianated trunk Close to spinal cord... Short Preganglia Fibers Long Postgangkia Fibers
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Parasympathetic System
Relaxed and Digestive state Two connections..brain and sacral Close to organ that relates... Long Preganglia Fibers Short Postgangkia Fibers
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Principle Properties of Nerve Fibers
Gates regulate from dendrite to nerve cell to axon...sends waves along the fiber...moves sodium in and potassium out Conductivity: electrical in nature Chief function of Nerve Fiber: conducts impulses and responsive to environmental changes Impulse:wave down nerve fiber
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The Nervous System: Resting Potential
Higher concentration of anions outside of cell Interstitial fluid: outside....bathes the cells Axolemma: barrier between inside of cell and interstitial fluid Having sodium outside and potassium inside creates depolarization....until this occurs means refractory period
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The Nervous System: Stimulus Applied
Action potential...influx NA and outflux K
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The Nervous System: Impulse
"All or non effect" ....goes whole distance Active state requires energy Outer covering is neurolemma Myelinated fibers produce more impulses faster than non myelinated due to insulation
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The Nervous System: Refractory Period
Can't send another impulse until out of resting period
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The Nervous System: Conduction Speed
Small diameters produce more impulses than large diameters because they are slower
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The Nervous System: Synapse
Release of the Neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitters: Norepenepherine
Released at motor end plate for sympathetic | Adrenergic...o-methyl-transferase (breaks down)
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Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine
Cholinergic...acetylcholesterase Most common neurotransmitter All synapses of parasympathetic and somatic motor end plates
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Neuroinhibittors
Motor end plate of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic acetylcholine neuroinhibitors prevent release of NT
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Antagonists
Cause a blockage which prevents release
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Anesthetic
A pharmacological agent that causes loss of sensation and consciousness
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Analgesic
A substance that causes the loss of pain without the loss of consciousness
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Hormone
A substance formed on an organ or a part of an organ that is carried by the blood to other parts of the body where it can effect changes in function or the structure of other parts
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The Nervous System: Reflex Action
Definition: unconscious, automatic response of a effective tissue by a stimulus for protection
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Reflex Centers
Medulla Oblongata: in brain stem..controls heart rate, respiratory rate, blood vessel diameter, vessels for relaxing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing Cerebellum: controls local motion and balance ...equilibrium Hypothalamus: controls hormones and body temperature Cerebrum:controls visceral and auditory functions...dilation of eyes, auditory, startled reflex...act of protection
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Conditioned vs Unconditioned Reflexes
Conditioned: reflex you have learned Unconditioned: born with...like sweating
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Somatic vs Visceral Reflexes
Somatic is skeletal muscle Visceral is smooth, cardiac, glands muscle
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Anesthetics
Primary used to reduce the sensation of pain Local: specific site-may or may not cause unconsciousness...PNS Poem earl: everything- causes unconsciousness
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General Pathology of the Nervous System- Injury to a Cell Body
Whole neuron isn't functional Virus wipes out cell body Distemper: attacks nerve cell body
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General Pathology of the Cell Body: Injury to the Cell Processes
Blocks motor neurons

Animal Science 220 (22 decks)

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