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EEC2B > SA Freshwater Resource Use & Law (16d) > Flashcards

SA Freshwater Resource Use & Law (16d) Flashcards

1
Q

Who uses all the freshwater?/Where is it used? & How much %?(3)

A

• Agriculture (63%).
• Municipalities (26%).
• Industry (11%).

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2
Q

Solution to water deficit?

A

Large dams that capture 70% of country’s runoff.

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3
Q

3 SA statistics?

A

• 30th driest country.
• Average rainfall ~ 490mm.
• When increase ave. temperature, increase evaporation.

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4
Q

What is the importance of freshwater management in SA?

A

To ensure consistent water supply.

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5
Q

WMA stands for?

A

Water Management Areas.

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6
Q

What are WMAs run by?

A

CMAs (Catchment Management Agencies).

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7
Q

What do WMAs do?

A

Manage SW & GW at a regional scale.

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8
Q

SW & GW?

A

● SW = surface water.
● GW = ground water.

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9
Q

WMAs roles? (2)

A

• To decentralize WM.
• To facilitate inclusive stewardship of water resources.

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10
Q

WSA stands for?

A

Water Source Areas.

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11
Q

WSA AKA?

A

Water Towers.

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12
Q

Egs of WSAs? (2)

A

• Drakensburg escarpment.
• Western Cape mountains.

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13
Q

WSAs contributions/attributes? (3)

A

• Yield high rainfall (>1000mm).
• 50% of SA’s runoff.
• 8% of land area.

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14
Q

Lay out evolution of water law? (4)

A

Riparian principle.
|
Aquatic ecosystems are users.
|
Compulsory EIAs.
|
SANWA.

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15
Q

Riparian principal year?

A

1912.

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16
Q

Riparian principal?

A

= owners had unrestricted use of private water.

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17
Q

Aquatic ecosystems are users only year?

A

1980s.

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18
Q

Compulsory EIAs year?

A

1989.

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19
Q

SANWA year?

A

1998.

20
Q

SANWA stands for?

A

South Africa National Water Act.

21
Q

SANWA roles? (2)

A

• Prevents overexploitation of water resources.
• Preserves the right for basic human needs.

22
Q

SANWA components?

A

Composed of reserves.

23
Q

SANWA Reserve components? (2)

A

• BHNR.
• ER.

24
Q

BHNR stands for?

A

Basic Human Needs Reserve.

25
Q

ER stands for?

A

Ecological Reserve.

26
Q

BHNR role?

A

Deals with Constitutional right for everyone to have enough clean water.

27
Q

In BHNR water is used for? (3)

A

• Drinking.
• Food preparation.
• Personal hygiene.

28
Q

How much water out aside for BHNR? (2)

A

● 25L = Drinking.
● 6000L/month/household.

29
Q

ER role?

A

Protection of aquatic ecosystems by maintaining permanent water supply.

30
Q

Result of ER?

A

Ensures aquatic ecosystems functionality & resilience.

31
Q

Therefore to ensure aquatic ecosystems functionality what must happen?

A

Upstream water dependent activities must ensure adequate supply downstream.

32
Q

If there’s not enough surface water in rivers to sustain both ER & BHNR, which is more important? Why?

A

BHNR, …

33
Q

What are water use licences used for?

A

Used to regulate water use & disposal (which affects quality).

34
Q

Aim of Water Use Licences?

A

To preserve the environments right to enough clean water.

35
Q

Water Use Licence Attributes? (2)

A

• Issued to water demanding.
• Specific to each activity & its respective aquatic ecosystem.

36
Q

DWAF stands for?

A

Department of Water Affairs & Forestry.

37
Q

DWAF?

A

= guideline for water quality ranges for human & aquatic use.

38
Q

2 incentive based regulation systems?

A

• Blue drop.
• Green drop.

39
Q

Blue drop?

A

= regulates drinking water quality management.

40
Q

How does Blue drop regulate?

A

By monitoring compliance of Water Service Authorities.

41
Q

Eg of Water Services Authorities?

A

Rand Water.

42
Q

Green drop?

A

= regulates wastewater quality management.

43
Q

How does Green drop regulate?

A

By monitoring wastewater treatment works criteria.

44
Q

Eg of wastewater treatment works criteria?

A

• Back-up pumps.

45
Q

Results of inadequate enforcement? (3)

A

• Dry rivers like in Cape Town.
• Blackfly outbreaks (due to water temperature increases).
• Fish kills by industrial pollution.

46
Q

What more needs to be done? (2)

A

• Better enforcement of NWA & its laws.
• “Paradigm shift”/move from “Take, use & waste” to “Reuse”.

47
Q

Signs of abstraction?

A

Black pipes next to rivers.

EEC2B (43 decks)

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