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EEC2B > Physical Environmental Impact Of Wastewater (20c) > Flashcards

Physical Environmental Impact Of Wastewater (20c) Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of environmental impacts? (3)

A

• Physical.
• Chemical.
• Nutrients.

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2
Q

What should one monitor? (4)

A

• Flow monitoring.
• Physical characteristics.
• Chemical characteristics.
• Microbiological aspects.

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3
Q

Flow monitoring?

A

= where data is used to identify pollution incidents, predict loading onto treatment works or receiving water, etc.

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4
Q

List of the physical characteristics? (6)

A

• pH.
• Conductivity.
• Turbidity.
• Temperature.
• Dissolved O2.
• Hardness.

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5
Q

List of chemical characteristics? (2)

A

• Organics (BOD & COD).
• Nutrients (NH3).

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6
Q

List of Microbiological organisms/aspects? (2)

A

• E. Coli.
• F. Coli.

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7
Q

How does Australia prevent storm drain trash from reaching water bodies?

A

By attaching/securing nets on the opening of drains that lead to water bodies.

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8
Q

pH?

A

= value that indicates the intensity of the acid or alkaline condition of a solution.

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9
Q

pH stands for?

A

power of Hydrogen.

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10
Q

What is the pH value determined by?

A

The molar concentration of H+ ions.

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11
Q

Logarithmic scale of pH?

A

= scale that indicates that pH increases, the H+ concentration will decrease by a power of 10.

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12
Q

The ions associated with pH? (2)

A

• H+.
• OH-.

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13
Q

What is the sum of the pH ions?

A

Sum of ions of pH = 10(-14) M.

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14
Q

Equation of pH?

A

pH = -log ([H+])

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15
Q

Why is pH important? (2)

A

• Indicates the pH levels for aquatic life and death.
• Influences the corrosivity, solubility & toxicity of chemicals & heavy metals in the water.

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16
Q

Optimum pH levels for fish?

A

pH = 6.5 – 9.0

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17
Q

What happens to fish outside their optimum pH levels?

A

• Organisms can become stressed.
• Organisms can die.

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18
Q

Effects of low pH levels? (2)

A

• Pitting of pipes & fixtures.
• Causes water to have a metallic taste.

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19
Q

Effect of high pH levels?

A

Causes water to have a slippery feel & soda taste.

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20
Q

Effects of pH (when high & low)? (3)

A

• Srresses animal systems.
• Reduces hatching rates.
• Reduces survival rates.

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21
Q

Effects of AMD? (3)

A

• Rise in acidity levels of water.
• Too large a shock on plants & animals.
• Low pH-tolerant algae can form blooms that can kill the lake.

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22
Q

Factors that influence pH? (4)

A

• CO2 concentrations.
• Wastewater/mining discharges.
• Interactions with precipitation (acid rain).
• Interactions with surrounding rock.

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23
Q

Acid rain?

A

= rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants released into the air such as sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxides.

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24
Q

Relationship between CO2 & pH?

A

More CO2 (in atmosphere), Low pH.

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25
Q

Alkalinity?

A

= measurement of water’s ability to resist changes in pH.

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26
Q

Relationship between pH, conductivity & alkalinity?

A

Low pH, High conductivity, Low alkalinity.

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27
Q

What is low alkalinity an indicator of? (2)

A

• Polluted water bodies.
• Sewage outflows (leakages).

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28
Q

SI units of alkalinity?

A

mg/L.

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29
Q

Factors affecting conductivity? (4)

A

• Ion concentrations.
• Ion mobility.
• Oxidation state.
• Temperature of the water.

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30
Q

What is conductivity used to determine?/Conductivity uses?(3)

A

• Determines mineralization (TDS).

• Used in noting changes in natural water & wastewaters quickly.

• Determines amounts of treatment chemicals to be added to a water sample.

31
Q

TDS stands for?

A

Total Dissolved Solids.

32
Q

TDS?

A

= the overall ionic effect in a water source.

33
Q

What is high conductivity an indicator of? (2)

A

• Agricultural runoff.
• Sewage leak.

34
Q

Why do sewage leaks & agricultural runoff increase conductivity?

A

It’s because of the additional chloride, phosphate & nitrate ions.

35
Q

What does low conductivity indicate? (2)

A

• Oil spills.
• Addition of other organic compounds.

36
Q

Why do oil spills & addition of other organic compounds decrease conductivity?

A

It’s because these elements don’t break down into ions.

37
Q

Salinity?

A

= total concentration of all dissolved salts in water.

38
Q

Salinity SI units?

A

Unitless.

39
Q

Measuring Practical salinity?

A

Not measured directly but derived from conductivity measurement.

40
Q

Practical salinity SI units?

A

psu (Practical salinity units).

41
Q

Major contributing ions in seawater? (3)

A

• Chloride.
• Na.
• Mg.

42
Q

Ions in inland sources? (3)

A

• Alkali & alkaline earth metal salts.
• Ca.
• Mg.

43
Q

Freshwater?

A

= high bicarbonate.

44
Q

Seawater?

A

= high Na & Cl concentrations.

45
Q

Relationship between salinity and water density?

A

High salinity (dissolved salt), high density.

46
Q

TDS formula?

A

TDS = Turbidity × 0.65.

47
Q

Relationship between Turbidity & water quality?

A

Low Turbidity, Clear water.

48
Q

TDS=0?

A

= ideal drinking water.

49
Q

TDS=100-200?

A

= hard water.

50
Q

Wastewater in terms of TDS?

A

= TDS includes organic solutes in addition to salt ions.

51
Q

Inland sources include? (2)

A

• Lakes.
• Rivers.

52
Q

Organic solutes include? (2)

A

• Hydrocarbons.
• Urea.

53
Q

Clean water in terms of TDS?

A

=> TDS=Salinity.

54
Q

Effect of TDS?

A

Affects water taste.

55
Q

What does TDS indicate? (2)

A

• High alkalinity.
• Hardness.

56
Q

TDS measurement occurs in what methods? (2)

A

• Gravimetry.

• Calculated by multiplying a conductivity value by an empirical factor (TDS=Turbidity×0.65).

57
Q

Why is TDS not measured using Gravimetry?

A

Time-consuming.

58
Q

When is the Gravimetry method useful to measure TDS?

A

When the composition of a water source is not known.

59
Q

Why is the calculation method used?

A

Quicker.

60
Q

When is the calculated method used to measure TDS? (2)

A

• Field measurements.
• Continuous monitoring.

61
Q

Why is TDS not in the general standards table?

A

It’s because wastewater has very high suspended solids.

62
Q

Turbidity?

A

= optimal property of a sample that causes light to be scattered & absorbed.

63
Q

Turbidity SI units?

A

NTU.

64
Q

Why is Turbidity commonly used? (2)

A

• Easy to measure.
• Inexpensive to measure.

65
Q

What does the instrument used to measure Turbidity measure?

A

Measures the scatter of light.

66
Q

DO?

A

= the amount of O2 in water at a given temperature & a given atmospheric pressure.

67
Q

DO stands for?

A

Dissolved Oxygen.

68
Q

Most common tool for measuring DO?

A

DO meters.

69
Q

Most accurate DO measurement?

A

Winkler titration.

70
Q

DO feature?

A

Most important physical parameters.

71
Q

Where is DO measured?

A

At Secondary treatment in aerobic environment.

72
Q

Relationship between DO & water temperature?

A

Low water temperatures, High DO.

73
Q

Relationship between DO & wastewater?

A

More wastewater, High OL, Low DO, More aquatic death.

74
Q

Physical parameters? (2)

A

• pH.
• DO.

EEC2B (43 decks)

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