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EEC2B > Rural Ecosystems: State & Management (11c) > Flashcards

Rural Ecosystems: State & Management (11c) Flashcards

1
Q

Pressures on communal areas? (3)

A
  • Heavy grazing pressure.
  • Intensive wood harvesting for cooking.
  • Land transformation.
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2
Q

Egs of land transformation? (2)

A
  • Agriculture.

* Settlements.

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3
Q

Land degradation types? (2)

A
  • Soil degradation.

* Vegetation degradation.

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4
Q

Soil degradation forms? (2)

A
  • Erosion.

* Nutrient depletion.

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5
Q

Vegetation degradation forms? (5)

A
  • Loss of cover.
  • Change in species composition.
  • Bush encroachment.
  • Alien plant infestation.
  • Deforestation.
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6
Q

Which areas are more degraded between communal areas & commercial farming areas?

A

Communal areas.

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7
Q

Factors for communal areas being more degraded? (3)

A
  • Slope.
  • Climate.
  • Soil erodibility.
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8
Q

Coppice regrowth? Coppicing?

A

= where plants resprout after cases of fire or being cut.

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9
Q

Species population responses to disturbance? (4)

A
  • Tolerant species.
  • Invasive species.
  • Sensitive species.
  • Intermediate species.
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10
Q

Describe graph for each responses?

A

● Tolerant
= wavy constant line.
-

● Invasive
= positive linear.
- coppice vigorously.

● Sensitive
= negative linear.
- don’t coppice very easily.
- sensitive to disturbances.

● Intermediate
= hill.
- tolerates disturbances.

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11
Q

Which plant species is threatened by Unsustainable harvesting?

A

Pterocarpus angolensis.

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12
Q

What characteristics make Pterocarpus angolensis vulnerable? (2)

A
  • Slow growing.

* Episodic recruitment of seeds.

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13
Q

Community composition? (5)

A
  • Plants.
  • Insects.
  • Lizards.
  • Birds.
  • Mammals.
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14
Q

Describe the species richness on communal areas compared to protected areas for each community composition

A

● Plants
• communal areas = high species richness.

● Insects
• communal areas = high species richness.

● Lizards
• communal areas = high species richness.

● Birds
• communal areas = low species richness.

● Mammals
• communal areas = loss of larger species.

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15
Q

Exception for Plants & Birds?

A

● Plants
= Herbaceous plants vary within landscapes.

● Lizards
= low species richness in communal areas, specifically hole-nesting birds.
- but these have high abundance in open habitats.

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16
Q

Community/Vegetation structure? (4)

A
  • Scattered large trees.
  • Lower woody & herbaceous biomass.
  • Change in woody canopy height.
  • Some reduction in tree density, esp. closer to villages/in old fields.
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17
Q

Evidence of impacts of grazing? (4)

A
  • Soil erosion.
  • Basal cover.
  • Grass biomass.
  • Grass size.
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18
Q

Elaborate evidences of grazing impacts?

A

● Soil erosion
= may also be due to being at bottom of slopes, on old roads, old fields, sodic sites (moderate impact) [not just heavy grazing].

● Basal cover
= smaller tufts result in closer packing of tufts (great impact).

● Grass biomass
= significantly lower impact.

● Grass size
= tuft diameters smaller in communal lands (great impact).

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19
Q

CPR?

A

= resources that are shared & access collectively by a community.

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20
Q

Egs of CPR? (3)

A
  • Grazingland.
  • Fuelwood.
  • Shared water supply.
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21
Q

2 features of CPR?

A
  • High competition.

* Low excludability.

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22
Q

What do CPRs do?

A

Provide diminished benefits to everyone if each individual pursues his/her own self interest.

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23
Q

“Tragedy of the commons”?

A

= situation where individuals who have uncontrolled access to a CPR each try to get as much as they can for themselves before others use it up, resulting in unsustainable use & depletion of the resource.

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24
Q

Is the tragedy of the commons inevitable under communal tenure?

A

Depends on common property regime.

25
Q

Common property regime types? (2)

A
  • Open access.

* Controlled access.

26
Q

Open access?

A

= commons in the absence of control.

27
Q

Controlled access?

A

= social mechanisms to exclude access by non-members & regulate use of the resource by members.

28
Q

What is neccessary for the implementation of controlled access?

A

Local resource governance institutions.

29
Q

Institutions?

A

= sets of laws, norms, taboos, arrangements & structures which shape interactions of humans with each other & with nature.

30
Q

Local institutional structures?

A

= central to community-based resource governance.

31
Q

Governance?

A

= the way in which societies organize themselves to make decisions about an issue that includes a concern with politics & the way power is distributed between different actors in society.

32
Q

Roles of institutions? (3)

A
  • Make rules about resource use.
  • Implement rules & enforcing taboos.
  • Resolve disputes that arise.
33
Q

CPR + Effective local institutions =?

A

CPR + Effective local institutions = controlled access => potential sustainability.

34
Q

CPR without Effective local institutions =?

A

CPR without Effective local institutions = open access => Tragedy of the commons.

35
Q

Ostrom’s principles for managing a commons? (8)

A
  • Strong group identity & understanding of purpose.
  • Fair distribution of costs & benefits.
  • Fair & inclusive decision making.
  • Monitoring agreed upon behaviours.
  • Graduated sanctions for misbehaviors.
  • Fast & fair conflict resolution.
  • Authority to self-govern.
  • Appropriate relations with other groups.
36
Q

Why is there weakening of institutions? (5) Explain.

A

● Corruption
- chiefs being bribed & the elite ruling/no equality.

● Limited financial resources
- people monitoring CPR activities are understaffed.

● Population size
- small population size, better CPR management.

● Social/cultural change
- less value/important.

● Contested role in democracy
- number of people who obey the chief are decreasing.

37
Q

What are the intersecting challenges? (2)

A
  • Effectiveness of institutions.

* Supply vs Demand for CPR.

38
Q

What does CBNRM stand for?

A

Community Based Natural Resource Management.

39
Q

CBNRM?

A

= people-oriented approach to conservation that seeks to do 3 things.

40
Q

What are the 3 things that CBNRM seeks to do?

A
  • Improve livelihoods of local people.
  • Wisely use & conserve natural resources and ecosystems.
  • Empower rural communities to make to make their own decisions regarding use of their natural resources.
41
Q

CBNRM principles? (7)

A
  • Maintain the different ways of learning a living (to reduce risk in cases of natural & economic disasters).
  • Maintain & improve the natural resource base (to increase sustainable natural resources).
  • Local organizations like local government & community organizations must work effectively (to manage local resources for the locals).
  • People receive real benefits (as a result of managing the natural resources wisely).
  • Effective policies & laws implemented (if possible) by local people’s representative organizations.
  • Outside assistance is provided (to facilitate local projects).
  • Good understanding of local leadership, which supports CBNRM projects.
42
Q

CBNRM Case Study?

A

Makuleke.

43
Q

Makuleke? (3)

A
  • After being removed from community they regained full ownership of land in Kruger National Park.
  • Guaranteed use of the land for conservation of wildlife.
  • Gained full rights to commercialize land.
44
Q

Heavy grazing pressure?

A

Due to lack of rotational grazing (continuous grazing instead).

45
Q

Intensive wood harvesting for cooking? Why?

A

Poverty.

46
Q

Land transformation? Why?

A

Population growth.

47
Q

The common view of land? (3)

A
  • Highly degraded.
  • Barren ground.
  • Valueless ground.
48
Q

Drivers of Bush encroachment? (3)

A
  • Heavy grazing.

* •

49
Q

Relate vegetation degradation & soil degradation?

A

Vegetation degradation leads to soil degradation.

50
Q

How is communal tenure a driver of degradation?

A
51
Q

Landscape patterns (communal areas)? (3)

A
  • Degradation zones radiating from villages.
  • Homogenization at local scales & heterogeneity at larger scales.
  • Creation of biodiversity “islands”.
52
Q

Main factors in CBNRM? (3)

A
  • Poverty reduction.
  • Resource conservation.
  • Good governance.
53
Q

Makuleke? What happened?

A

3000 people forcibly removed from Makuleke community in 1969 but…

Makuleke won land claim in 1996.

54
Q

How did the Makuleke people gain full right to commercialize the land in Kruger National Park?

A

By partnering with private businesses.

55
Q

What did was created after the Makuleke issue?

A

A joint management board was formed.

56
Q

Joint management board?

A

= made up of representatives from the villages & the conservation agency to govern the way wildlife in the area is protected.

57
Q

CPA? (3)

A
  • Holds the title deed to the land.
  • Executive committee is democratically elected every 2 years.
  • Has emerged with traditional forms of local government.
58
Q

CPA stands for?

A

Community Property Association.

59
Q

CPA Achievements? (3)

A
  • Partnership with private sector which led to 4 new lodges in Makuleke region of Kruger.
  • All jobs in the lodge for local people, a regular rental is paid to CPA & skills transfer programme is in place.
  • Uses its resources to stimulate new small businesses in the resettlement of villages outside Kruger.

EEC2B (43 decks)

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