Rural SES (11a)

Question 1

SES?

Answer 1

= complex & adaptive systems with coupled social & ecological sub-systems.

Question 2

SES =

Answer 2

= humans interacting with the ecosystem via their actions (fishing, logging) & ecosystems interacting/giving back to humans via the ES (water regulation).

Question 3

Rural SES types in SA? (3)

Answer 3

• Commercial agricultural areas.
• Small-holdings (residential “hobby farms”).
• Communal lands of the former Apartheid homelands.

Question 4

Eg of commercial agricultural areas?

Answer 4

Big farms in Free State.

Question 5

Eg of Small-holdings?

Answer 5

Small farms by individuals.

Question 6

Communal land?

Answer 6

= land under communal/customary tenure/

Question 7

Communal tenure?

Answer 7

= where resource tenure rights are exercised by a defined group with rules defining rules to access, use & manage the land and its resources.

Question 8

Former Apartheid “homelands” features? (8)

Answer 8

• Resettlement villages.
• Poor infrastructure.
• High human densities.
• High levels of unemployment & poverty.
• Communal land tenure.
• Land used for resource harvesting, agriculture & livestock grazing.
• Diversified livelihoods.
• Dependence on migrant labour & social grants.

Question 9

Communal land tenure essentially?

Answer 9

= no private land ownership.

Question 10

Eg of Rural SES?

Answer 10

Bushbuckridge local municipal.

Question 11

Land uses in communal areas? (3)

Answer 11

• Village settlement.
• Cultivated fields.
• Rangelands.

Question 12

Elaborate each land use in communal areas?

Answer 12

● Village settlement
= strong & “permanent” exclusive residential rights.

● Cultivated fields
= exclusive use rights contingent on use.

● Rangelands
= shared rights to grazing and natural resources.

Question 13

Village settlements AKA?

Answer 13

Homestead yards/stands.

Question 14

Who governs land use, i.e., allocates & manages the land?

Answer 14

Traditional authorities.

Question 15

Rangelands AKA?

Answer 15

Natural vegetation.

Question 16

Homestead yards?

Answer 16

Dwellings & home food gardens.

Question 17

Cultivated fields?

Answer 17

= crops.

Question 18

Rangelands?

Answer 18

= grazing/browsing for livestock & natural resource harvesting.

Question 19

Common Pool Resources (CPR)?

Answer 19

= resources used in common by a group/community.

Question 20

Egs of CPR? (2)

Answer 20

• Grazing.

* Fuelwood in community lands.

Question 21

Who governs CPR in communal lands?

Answer 21

• Traditional authorities such as chiefs & village headman.

Question 22

How do these traditional authorities govern CPR? (2)

Answer 22

• Rules.

* Taboos.

Question 23

Cultural values? (5)

Answer 23

• Cultural identity.
• Cultural practices.
• Cultural keystone species.
• Sacred sites.
• Indigenous knowledge.

Question 24

Eg of the cultural values? (1 for each)

Answer 24

● Cultural identity
= agriculture.

● Cultural practices
= traditional medicine.

● Cultural keystone species
= marula.

● Sacred sites
= Initiation schools.

● Indigenous knowledge
= influences resource use & management.

Question 25

Cultural landscapes?

Answer 25

= the physical expression of a SES in which culture is an important driver of land use.

Question 26

What arises from the interactions between local societies & their environment? (4)

Answer 26

• Landscape patterns.
• Cultural values.
• Cultural practices.
• Local ecological conditions.

Question 27

Egs of Cultural landscapes? (2)

Answer 27

• Bassari, Sudan.

* Lopé-Okanda, Gabon.

Question 28

Sustainability of what is under pressure? Challenges faced in Rural SES?(6)

Answer 28

• Supply vs Demand for CPR.
• Land shortages.
• Cultural change.
• Growing human population.
• Resource commercialization.
• Weakening traditional institutions.