Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EEC2B > Biological Invasions: Terrestrial Invasions (14a) > Flashcards

Biological Invasions: Terrestrial Invasions (14a) Flashcards

1
Q

Invasion biology

A

= understanding the ecology of invading organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biological Invasion?

A

= occur when species are deliberately or accidentally introduced & become established in environments that they have not previously occupied/invaded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Species invasion fundamentals?

A

Origin
|
New region
|
Invasive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain origin?

A

= species entrained in transport pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why would a potentially invasive species fail in transport from Origin? (4)

A

• Short lifespan.
• Wrong conditions.
• May be “discovered”.
• Eradicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain New Region?

A

= where species survives transport & introduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reasons for failing to establish in New Region? (4)

A

• Wrong climate.
• Unsuitable habitat.
• Outcompeted by local flora & fauna.
• Predated by local organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain Invasive?

A

= where species survives transport & introduction & establishes in new region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens after alien species establishes? (2)

A

• Alien species can be non-invasive.
• Alien species can be invasive & damaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eg of non-invasive alien species?

A

Maize/Corn. :(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Invasion Curve?

A

= the Species invasion fundamentals in the form of a curve where after an alien species is finally established it reproduces and seeks to persist in the foreign environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are invasions exclusively human driven?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why has the geographic scope, frequency & number of invasive alien species grown massively?

A

Globalization.
- due to transport/commerce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organisms can be invasive?

A

SA has ~567 listed invasive species from:
- Plants (most).
- Invertebrates.
- Mammals.
- Freshwater fish.
- Birds.
- Reptiles.
- Amphibians (least).
- Microbes (least).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Invasive bird species? (3)

A

• Indian myna.
• Mallard ducks.
• Rose-ringed parakeet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Invasive fish species? (3)

A

• Rainbow trout.
• Grass carp.
• Florida Bass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Invasive invertebrate/insect species? (2)

A

• Harlequin ladybird.
• Polyphagous Shot-Hole borer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Invasive plant species? (4)

A

• Pompom weed.
• Pampas grass.
• Bugweed.
• Lantana.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What must you do to become an alien species? (3)

A

• Must arrive.
• Establish (persist).
• Reproduce (spread).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

From invasive curve, what does expansion entail? (2)

A

• Strong population growth.
• Rapid dispersal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

From the invasion curve, what does persistence entail? (3)

A

• Invader is fully established.
• Invader is widespread & abundant.
• Natural fluctuations of population size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do these invasive species arrive? Name the Pathways? SCERN (5)

A

• Stowaway.
• Contaminant.
• Escape.
• Release.
• Naturally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stowaway?

A

= accidental through luggage, containers & vehicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stowaway AKA?

A

Hitchhikers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Contaminant?

A

= accidental through seeds, timber & parasites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Escape?

A

= accidental through pet trade, horticulture & gardens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Release?

A

= deliberate through forestry, hunting, fishery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Naturally?

A

= unaided by humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Difference between Stowaway & Contaminant?

A

● Stowaway = needs a transport vector.

● Contaminant = doesn’t need a transport vector.

30
Q

Eg of Escape introduction pathway species?

A

• Red Eared Slider (terrapin).
• Himalayan Tahrs (invade Table Mountain).

31
Q

Why are Invasions a problem? (5)

A

• Physical harm to humans & other fauna.
• Water loss (3-7% of annual water).
• Fire hazard (increased risk & damage).
• Aesthetic damage (ecotourism & spiritual).
• Resource & financial losses (R6.5 billion).

32
Q

Egs of invasive species in SA?

A

• Toxic alien weed (may kill livestock & threatens food security).
• Tree borer beetle (infects & kills trees).

33
Q

How do we deal with invasive species? (3)

A

• Mechanical control (via removal).
• Chemical control (via pesticides & herbicides).
• Biological control (via ).

34
Q

Monitoring invasive species through what?

A

Legislations.

35
Q

South Africa’s legislation?

A

NEMBA

36
Q

What does NEMBA stand for?

A

National Environmental Management for Biodiversity Act.

37
Q

NEMBA?

A

Has an alien & invasive species list of ~567 listed invasive species.

38
Q

NEMBA categories? (3)

A

• Category 1a.
• Category 1b.
• Category 2.
• Category 3.

39
Q

Category 1a?

A

= immediate eradication required.

40
Q

Category 1b?

A

= implementation of a control plan.

41
Q

Category 2?

A

= use is allowed (only with valid permit).

42
Q

Category 3?

A

= may remain in certain cases, but cannot be moved, traded, grown, etc.

43
Q

Which department in SA do we involve?

A

Department of Forestry, Fisheries & Environment.

44
Q

Eg of Category 1a?

A

Kudzu vine.

45
Q

Eg of Category 1b?

A

Sweet prickly pear.

46
Q

Eg of Category 2?

A

Mallard duck.

47
Q

Eg of Category 3?

A

Silky oak.

48
Q

How do we deal with “conflict-of-interest” species?

A

List the species as Category 2 species in order to control & balance the invasion risk with economic/societal gains.

49
Q

Eg of “conflict-of-interest” species?

A

Jacaranda trees.

50
Q

Stages of invasion? (4)

A

• Before (invader absent).
• Lag time (localized invasion).
• Expansion.
• Persistence.

51
Q

Stages of management? (4)

A

• Prevention.
• Eradication.
• Containment.
• Long-term management.

52
Q

Connect stages of invasion with stages of management?

A

● Before | Prevention.
● Lag time | Eradication.
● Expansion | Containment.
● Persistence | Long-term management.

53
Q

Control type for Lag time?

A

Mechanical control.

54
Q

Control type for Expansion?

A

Chemical control.

55
Q

Control type for Persistence?

A

Biological control/Biocontrol.

56
Q

Biocontrol features? (2)

A

• Environmentally friendly control.
• Sustainable.

57
Q

Which species is Biocontrol mostly used on? (2)

A

• Category 1b species.
• Category 2 species.

58
Q

Biocontrol?

A

= use of host-specigic natural enemies to bring about the long-term or sustainable control of a target organism.

59
Q

Target organism?

A

= organism that you are trying to control, in this case, invasive plants.

60
Q

Agent?

A

= organism or species that you use to bring about the control of the target species.

61
Q

Eg of Biocontrol?

A

Cats being agents to control target species, rats & snakes.

62
Q

Biocontrol principles? (4)

A

• Alien plants invade due to lack of natural enemies in new country.

• Agents are imported from the weed’s country of origin to restore the balance.

• Agents don’t eradicate the weed but instead lower the density of the weed (to acceptable level).

• Native vegetation recovery should occur due to reduced competition from invasive weed.

63
Q

Key stages of Biocontrol? (6)

A

• Survey for natural enemies in weed’s country of origin.

• Import promising agents in a quarantine.

• Host-specificity tests to confirm safety of agents (crops & native species).

• Apply for permission to release the agent (international panel).

• Mass-rearing & release of agent.

• Evaluate the agent’s impact on weed populations.

64
Q

Why import potential agents into a quarantine?

A

To ensure that they are safe & don’t cause more harm than good in the country that they are supposed to be assisting.

65
Q

How do you think you would go about selecting the test plants?

A

Centrifugal testing.

66
Q

Centrifugal testing? (4)

A

• Find agents within the same genus, same family, same ecotype & similar economic value.

• No-choice testing.

• Paired-choice testing.

• Multi-choice testing.

67
Q

Egs of Biocontrol wins? (2)

A

• Prickly pear invasion (1920-1958).
• Red water ferns (Stenopelmus agent).

68
Q

Biocontrol in SA start date?

A

1913.

69
Q

Biocontrol in SA?

A

• 61% = successful projects.
• 27% = failure rate.
• 12% = unevaluated projects.

70
Q

Solution to “conflict-of-interest” species?

A

Release agents against “conflict-of-interest” species

71
Q

Eg of releasing agents against “conflict-of-interest” species?

A

Seed feeding weevil & Flower galling midge combination.

EEC2B (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions