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EEC2B > Chemical Environmental Impact Of Wastewater (12d) > Flashcards

Chemical Environmental Impact Of Wastewater (12d) Flashcards

1
Q

COD?

A

= measurement of the O2 required to oxidize soluble (biodegradable) and particulate (Non-biodegradable) organic matter in water.

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2
Q

BOD?

A

= measurement of the O2 required by microorganisms to oxidize organic matter in water.

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3
Q

Why is COD the most preferred measurement than BOD?

A

It has shorter length of testing time (2hrs).

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4
Q

COD measuring process? (2)

A

● Potassium dichromate oxidizes the organic matter in solution to CO2 and H2O under acidic conditions.

● H2SO4 digestion follows thereafter for 2 hrs.

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5
Q

Why is COD measured?

A

Provides an index to assess the effect discharged wastewater will have on the receiving environment.

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6
Q

What does it mean when COD is more than the general standards?

A

It means that sewage/wastewater is present.

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7
Q

High COD indicates what?

A

Industrial effluents.

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8
Q

Lay out effects of High COD? (4)

A

High COD
|
High OL
|
Low DO levels
|
Anaerobic conditions.

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9
Q

Term that pops up when we talk about uptake of toxins?

A

Bioaccumulation.

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10
Q

Bioaccumulation?

A

= accumulation of contaminants by species with orders of magnitude higher than the surrounding environment.

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11
Q

Processes occurring under Bioaccumulation? (2)

A

• Bioconcentration.
• Biomagnification.

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12
Q

Difference between Bioconcentration & Biomagnification? (2)

A

● Bioconcentration
- happens over time.
- 1 organism.

● Biomagnification
- happens via food chains.
- organisms.

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13
Q

Bioconcentration?

A

= direct uptake of toxins by an organism.

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14
Q

Biomagnification?

A

= dietary uptake of toxins which progresses up the food chain.

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15
Q

Eg of Bioaccumulation?

A

May be observed in the people of a Zambian village where the people go blind at a certain age. It may be suggested that biomagnification may have occurred through Zambia heavily relying on fishing as a staple food even though copper mining occurs.

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16
Q

EDC?

A

= a compound, synthetic or natural, which through environmental or inappropriate developmental exposures alters the hormonal and homeostatic systems that allow an organism to communicate with and respond to its environment.

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17
Q

How do EDCs alter hormonal & homeostatic systems?

A

By mimic hormones in an organism which complicates the body’s different signaling processes in a variety of ways.

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18
Q

EDC stands for?

A

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals.

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19
Q

Egs of hormones of your body? (3)

A

• Estrogen.
• Androgen.
• Thyroid hormone.

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20
Q

Explain the process of EDCs? (3)

A

When absorbed in the body, EDC can decrease or increase normal hormone levels
|
|
EDC can either mimic the body’s natural hormones OR
||
EDC can alter the natural production of hormones

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21
Q

Egs of EDCs? (4)

A

• DDT (pesticide).
• BPA.
• PCB.
• DEHP.

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22
Q

Phytoestrogens?

A

= naturally-occurring substance in plants that has hormone-like activity.

23
Q

Eg of phytoestrogens?

A

Genistein.

24
Q

Where are EDCs normally found? (3)

A

• Canned foods.
• Pesticides.
• Cash-register receipts.

25
Q

Impacts of EDCs? (2)

A

• Influences development.
• Influences reproduction of an organism.
• Influences the immune system

26
Q

Egs of EDC effects? (2)

A

• EDC effect of frogs.
• EDC effect on fish.

27
Q

Effects of EDCs on frogs? (2)

A

• Causes deformities (extra limbs).
• Turns male frogs into female frogs.

28
Q

Result of EDC changing male frogs into female frogs?

A

Results in the extinction of the frog population.

29
Q

Pesticide banned all over the world except SA & causing terrible effects?

A

Astrazine.

30
Q

Disease that may occur in males that have been turned into females?

A

Testicular cancer.

31
Q

Effects of EDCs on fish? (2)

A

• Turns male fish into female fish.
• Reduces intensity of body colour.

32
Q

Fish species that were used? (2)

A

• Fathead minnow (gender switch).
• Red shiners (body colour intensity reduced).

33
Q

Where should you take samples?/ Sites of sample collection? (2)

A

• Water sample from affected area.
• Water sample from where the effluent is discharged.

34
Q

What do you measure if the effluent is from a pharmaceutical?

A

EDCs.

35
Q

What do you measure if the effluent is from a beer brewery?

A

• COD.
• OL.
• DO.

36
Q

What do you measure if the effluent is from a oil refinery?

A

Organic pollutants (hydrocarbons).

37
Q

Pharmaceuticals, effluent & measurement?

A

= Organic pollutants
|
Main EDC source.

38
Q

Beer brewery, effluent & measurement?

A

High COD
|
High OL
|
Low DO
|
Aquatic life death.

39
Q

Oil refinery, effluent & measurement?

A

Organic pollutants (hydrocarbons).

40
Q

Microplastic?

A

= plastics that are smaller than 5mm (microscopic).

41
Q

What is the source of microplstics?

A

Macroplastics.

42
Q

Microplastic features? (2)

A

• Has chemical, physical & biological impacts.
• Source of EDCs.

43
Q

What should you associate microplastic with?

A

EDCs.

44
Q

Where are micro microplastics typically found?

A

In the guts of fish.

45
Q

Why are microplstics found in the gut of fish?

A

It’s because fish tend to mistake the plastic particles for their food (plastics resemble their food).

46
Q

How are microplastics measured?

A

Measured using a microscope to check the types of microplastics.

47
Q

Common type of microplastic?

A

Fibers.

48
Q

Why is fiber the common type of microplastic?

A

It’s because they come from chlorine which comes from greywater and therefore, goes with wastewater treatment.

49
Q

Physical impact of microplastics process? (3)

A

Ultraviolet light
|
Macroplastics are degraded to form smaller particles
|
Biofueling, sinking & sedimentation occurs.

50
Q

Chemical impact of microplastics process? (3)

A

Floating microplastics encounter POPs
|
Plastics absorb & concentrate chemicals dissolved in seawater
|
Chemical additives leach from plastic & equilibrate in water.

51
Q

Biological impact of microplastics process? (3)

A

Ingestion of plastic & leaching of additives into marine organisms
|
Bioaccumulation of pollutants via food chain transfer
|
Higher order consumers are heavily affected due to biomagnification.

52
Q

Effects of microplastics in fish? (3)

A

• Reproductive organ damage.
• Tissue damage.
• Mortality.

53
Q

POP stands for?

A

Persistent Organic Pollutants.

EEC2B (43 decks)

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