Rural Livelihoods (11b)

Question 1

Livelihood?

Answer 1

= means of securing the necessities of life.

Question 2

What are used to make a living? (2)

Answer 2

• Assets like capital & resources.

* Activities like

Question 3

Rural livelihoods?

Answer 3

= diversified.

Question 4

Livelihood capital assets? (5)

Answer 4

• Financial capital.
• Physical capital.
• Social capital.
• Human capital.
• Natural capital.

Question 5

Financial capital?

Answer 5

= stocks of money, savings & pensions.

Question 6

Physical capital?

Answer 6

= physical assets & local infrastructure.

Question 7

Social capital?

Answer 7

= the cohesiveness of people & societies.

Question 8

Human capital?

Answer 8

= the status of individuals (includes health).

Question 9

Natural capital?

Answer 9

= nature’s goods & services.

Question 10

Sustainable livelihoods?

Answer 10

= maintain or grow stocks of these five assets.

Question 11

Unsustainable livelihoods?

Answer 11

= deplete capital stocks.

Question 12

Sustainable livelihoods framework?

Answer 12

= a holistic/comprehensive approach that tries to capture the fundamental causes & dimensions of poverty without disregarding the focus on a few factors like food security.

Question 13

Role of natural resources in rural livelihoods?

Answer 13

Contribute to livelihood security.

Question 14

Results of role of natural resources in rural livelihoods? (5)

Answer 14

• Meets daily domestic needs.
• Generates income.
• Saves money.
• Safety net.
• Livelihood diversification.

Question 15

Safety net?

Answer 15

= where use of natural resources acts a buffer against harsh situations like food insecurity.

Question 16

Livelihood diversification?

Answer 16

= mechanism that reduces vulnerability & increases resilience in cases where a family member is retrenched as they can rely on other sources of income.

Question 17

Categories of natural resources? (6)

Answer 17

• Wild foods.
• Medicine (bulbs).
• Fuel (wood for cooking & heating).
• Construction material.
• Wood, fiber, dyed etc for crafts & domestic items.
• Forage for livestock.

Question 18

Egs of wild foods? (4)

Answer 18

• Plant products (fruits, nuts, leaves, roots).
• Fungi (mushroom).
• Animal products (bushmeat, fish, edible insects, honey).
• Drink (alcoholic & non-alcoholic).

Question 19

Egs of Construction material? (5)

Answer 19

• Timber.
• Thatching grass.
• Reeds.
• Palm leaves.
• Rope fibre.

Question 20

Reasons for using fuelwood instead of electricity? [Pie chart] (6)

Answer 20

• Can’t afford electricity/wood is free (57%).
• Can’t afford a stove (27%).
• Food tastes better if cooked over fire (8%).
• Don’t know how to use a stove (3%).
• Electricity is weaker (3%).
• Scared of electricity (2%).

Question 21

Livelihood sources? (4)

Answer 21

• Environmental products.
• Livestock.
• Crops.
• Off-farm.

Question 22

Safety net’ roles of natural resources/natural capital? (3)

Answer 22

• Provides basic needs, income & savings during times of crisis.
• Buffer households against severe poverty.
• Increases resilience of households to shocks & stresses.

Question 23

Egs of stresses? (4)

Answer 23

• Drought.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Retrenchment.
• Increased food prices.

Question 24

Environmental income?

Answer 24

= the cash & non-cash contribution of the environment to the household economy (production & consumption)

Question 25

Environmental income AKA?

Answer 25

=² cash income & direct-use value.

Question 26

Direct-use value of consumable resources used? [Equation]

Answer 26

= net annual consumption × local unit market price.

Question 27

Direct-use value of non-consumable natural goods used/owned? [Equation]

Answer 27

= market or replacement price discounted ÷ lifespan.

Question 28

Cash income?

Answer 28

= net annual CASH income.

Question 29

Where does cash income come from?

Answer 29

From sale of natural resources or products.

Question 30

Egs of consumable resources? (3)

Answer 30

• Fuelwood.
• Wild fruit.
• Medicinal plants.

Question 31

Egs of Non-consumable natural goods? (3)

Answer 31

• Wooden utensils.
• Reed mats.
• Thatch roof.

Question 32

Egs of natural resources or products? (3)

Answer 32

• Marula beer.
• Wood carvings.
• Reed mats.

Question 33

Primary income?

Answer 33

= the value of all the resources that a household gathers or raises.

Question 34

Used income?

Answer 34

= the value of all resources (gathered, raised & bought) that a household consumes.

Question 35

Cash generated income?

Answer 35

= the value of resources that a household sells as well as cash income received.

Question 36

How are rural households diversified?

Answer 36

Through them relying on multiple sources of income/livelihood capital.

Question 37

The bigger the household…? (5 & 1)

Answer 37

More likely to:

• Own goats.
• Use firewood often.
• Use wild veggies often.
• Use wild fruit often.
• Use insects often.

Less likely to:
• buy insects.

Question 38

The greater the number of assets a household has/owns…? (2 & 4)

Answer 38

More likely to:

• Buy firewood.
• Buy insects.

Less likely to:

• Own cattle.
• Use firewood often.
• Use wild fruit often.
• Use wild veggies often.

Question 39

The greater the number of shocks a household is experiencing…? (2)

Answer 39

More likely to:

• Use wild fruit often.
• Use insects often.

Question 40

Environmental income equation?

Answer 40

Environmental income = cash income + direct-use value.