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EEC2B > Dr Woodford F2F: River Systems (17) > Flashcards

Dr Woodford F2F: River Systems (17) Flashcards

1
Q

Results of putting a lake on a river? (3)

A

• Increase fish variety (exploiters).
• Unstable at first to stable.
• Loss of biodiversity within lake.

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2
Q

Results of putting lake on river in Profundal zone? (8)

A

• Decreased diversity.
• Summer thermocline.
• Decreased light.
• Decreased O2.
• Increased CO2.
• Increased CH4.
• Low productivity.
• Increased decomposition.

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3
Q

Impacts of dam construction on rivers? (4)

A

• Physical barrier to spawning habitats.
• Spawning habitat smothering.
• Spawning habitat extinction.
• Blocks migration.

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4
Q

Solution to dam Construction problems?

A

Fish ladders.

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5
Q

Eg of where fish ladders are applied?

A

Pacific North West.

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6
Q

Effects of dam construction on river systems? (4)

A

• Stabilized systems.
• Spatial patterns.
• Prevents flooding of floodplains.
• Artificial river system.

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7
Q

Effects of no dam construction on river systems? (4)

A

• Predictably pulsing systems.
• Temporal patterns.
• Flooding of floodplains.
• Natural river system.

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8
Q

What graphs to note for outflows? (4)

A

• Temperature graph.
• Oxygen concentration graphs.
• Silt load graphs.
• Nutrient concentration graph.

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9
Q

Cahora Bassa features to note? (3)

A

• Gorge zone.
• Mobile zone.
• Coastal zone & delta.

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10
Q

Gorge zone before & after?

A

● Before
• High flood levels.
• Loose sediment.
• Little bedrock.

● After
• Low flood levels.
• No loose sediment.
• Visible bedrock.

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11
Q

Mobile zone before & after? (6)

A

● Before
• Less sand.
• Less tree growth.
• More flooding.
• More active meandering.
• More lateral processes.
• Undisrupted flood migratory agriculture & wildlife.

● After
• More sand.
• More tree growth.
• Less flooding.
• Less active meandering.
• Less lateral processes.
• Disrupted flood migratory agriculture & wildlife.

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12
Q

Coastal zone & delta before and after? (2)

A

● Before
• Less coastline receding into land.
• More critical habitat for commercially important prawns.

● After
• More coastline receding into land.
• Less critical habitat for commercially important prawns.

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13
Q

Berg River Dam features? (4)

A

• Complies with NWA.
• Releases natural flood flows.
• Designed to address mainstream flow requirements.
• High & low sluice gates to produce mixed water releases.

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14
Q

IBWT stands for?

A

Inter-Basin Water Transfer.

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15
Q

IBWT?

A

= water is channeled from one catchment (donor) to another (recipient).

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16
Q

Ecological impact of IBWT? (4)

A

• Sundays river contains imported ecosystem.
• Homogenous hydrology & biodiversity.
• Intermittent system TO Perennial system.
• Increased washload.

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17
Q

Eg if homogenous hydrology & biodiversity?

A

More fish non-native to Eastern cape & SA in our river systems.

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18
Q

Eg of fish non-native to Eastern cape?

A

Barbel.

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19
Q

Eg of fish non-native to SA?

A

Carp.

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20
Q

Eutrophication?

A

= over-enrichment of water by nutrients stimulating an array of symptomatic changes.

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21
Q

Eutrophication impacts on? (4)

A

• Primary producers.
• Biodiversity.
• Water quality.
• Water usability.

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22
Q

Tipping point?

A

= change from one state to another.

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23
Q

Eutrophication step 1?

A

● Nutrient load up
- excessive nutrients from fertilizers are flushed from the land into rivers or lakes by rainwater.

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24
Q

Eutrophication step 2?

A

● Plants flourish
- these pollutants cause aquatic plant growth of algae, duckweed & other plants.

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25
Q

Eutrophication step 3?

A

● Algae bloom
- algae blooms, preventing sunlight reaching other plants.

● O2 depletion
- The plants die & O2 in the water is depleted.

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26
Q

Eutrophication step 4?

A

● Decomposition further depletes O2
- Dead plants are broken down by bacteria decomposers, using up even more O2 in the water & releasing more CO2.

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27
Q

Eutrophication step 5?

A

● Death of the ecosystem
- Oxygen levels reach a point where no life is possible.
- Fish & other organisms die.

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28
Q

Tipping point may be where?

A

From Eutrophication step 3 TO Eutrophication step 2.

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29
Q

Alternate stable states?

A

= change from one state to another.

30
Q

What causes alternate stable states?

A

Caused by once-off disturbance events.

31
Q

Eg of Alternate stable state?

A

Lake Ellesmere.

32
Q

Stream food web disruption results? (4)

A

• Overloading of primary producers.
• More grazers.
• Major decrease in biodiversity.
• Bottom-up.

33
Q

Eg of stream food web disruption?

A

Tarebia granifera snails in Sabie River inside Kruger National Park.

34
Q

Components of urban streams? (3)

A

• Riparian/Channel alternation.
• Wastewater inputs.
• Stormwater runoff.

35
Q

Components of Urban stream impacts? (5)

A

• Water/Sediment quality.
• Temperature.
• Hydrology.
• Physical habitat.
• Energy sources.

36
Q

In soapy white river features? (4)

A

• Gray water dumping.
• More nitrates & phosphates.
• Eutrophication.
• More energy.

37
Q

Aspects of urbanization? (2)

A

• Catchment alternation.
• Canalisation.

38
Q

Catchment alternation in natural catchment features? (2)

A

• Good infiltration.
• Less runoff.

39
Q

Catchment alteration in urban setting features? (4)

A

• Less infiltration.
• More runoff.
• More food severity.
• Morr erosion (confinement of riparian zone).

40
Q

Canalisation features? (4)

A

• Physical structuring that controls flooding.
• Loss of riparian zone, benthos & hyporheos.
• Little energy flow.
•High toxic runoff.

41
Q

Rehabilitation efforts to urbanisation aspects?

A

Stones in a circle in the middle of the river to enable occurrence of habitats.

42
Q

Impacts of acidification? (2)

A

• Acid rain.
• AMD.

43
Q

AMD stands for?

A

Acid Mine Drainage.

44
Q

Impacts of AMD? (3)

A

• Decreases aquatic biodiversity.
• Threatens historical landmarks.
• Makes purification of drinking water harder & more expensive.

45
Q

Process of AMD? (3)

A

● Gold mining exposes pyrite.

● Pyrite turns into H2SO4 when combined with water.

● Fe+ precipitates into yellow iron oxide in water above pH of 3.

46
Q

Impacts of AMD in New Zealand? (3)

A

• Heavy gold coal mining drains into near pristine rivers

• Decrease in invertebrate fauna.

• Disruption of food webs through metals being in acidic substances/water.

47
Q

Water resource classification system categories? (3)

A

• A-B.
• C-D.
• E-F.

48
Q

A-B?

A

= completely unmodified to little modification.

49
Q

C-D?

A

= moderate to high modification.

50
Q

E-F?

A

= unacceptably modified/river is destroyed & needs to be rehabilitated.

51
Q

PES stands for?

A

Present Ecological Status.

52
Q

How is PES checked?

A

River health monitoring.

53
Q

River Health monitoring features? (3)

A

• Provides baseline information on ecological status.
• Monitors trends in ecological integrity.
• SASS5 tool.

54
Q

Freshwater animals & habitats features? (5)

A

• Interact at different scales.
• Vary in habitat destruction susceptibility.
• Limited physiological niches dictate their survival.
• Help track pH sensitivity.
• Allow experts to assign tolerance ranking to different taxa.

55
Q

Where are diatoms found? (2)

A

• Cobbles.
• Boulders.

56
Q

Sampling diatoms steps? (5)

A

● Easily findable on rocks.

● Sample from cobbles & boulders.

● Rinse cobbles.

● Place in tray of water.

● Scrub with brush.

57
Q

SA Diatom Index features? (4)

A

• Species identification.
• Compound microscope used.
• Treat samples with KMnO4 & HCl.
• Database = OMNIDA.

58
Q

Why treat samples with KMnO4 & HCl?

A

To remove organic matter.

59
Q

Easier system than SA Diatom Index?

A

SA scoring system in SASS5 datasheet.

60
Q

SASS score?

A

= total community sensitivity & diversity.

61
Q

ASPT stands for?

A

Average Species Per Taxa.

62
Q

ASPT function?

A

= indicates proportion of sensitive taxa within community.

63
Q

Great thing about ASPT?

A

More consistent.

64
Q

Fish Response Assessment Index features? (3)

A

• Presence of fish in range of habitats.
• Compares expected species list to found.
• Uses EFO.

65
Q

EFO stands for?

A

Expected Frequency of Occurrence.

66
Q

Relationship seen in Biological bands & Ecological categories graph?

A

Higher SASS score, More pristine river system.

67
Q

Hydrological function in rivers? (3)

A

• Manage timing of floods.
• Manage magnitude of floods.
• Manage annual flood variability.

68
Q

Management class 1?

A

● Minimally used
= water-resource condition is minimally altered from its pre-development condition.

69
Q

Management class 2?

A

● Moderately used
= water-resource condition is moderately altered from its reference state.

70
Q

Management class 3?

A

● Heavily used
= water-resource condition that is significantly altered from its reference state.

71
Q

Eg of Management class 3?

A

Braamfonteinspruit.

EEC2B (43 decks)

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